Alarming Literacy Concerns in US

Learning to read is like learning to drive a car. You take lessons and learn the mechanics of driving and rules of driving. Why do people put a major emphasis on learning to drive and such a minute one on learning to read? Illiteracy is growing at an alarming rate not only in the USA, but all over the globe. Illiteracy continues to be a critical problem, demanding enormous resources from local, state, and federal taxes. These resources should be spent more wisely so that we can cut back on some of our National Debt. Why does America have a reading problem? We are the most affluent and technologically advanced of all the industrial nations on earth. We have free public education for everyone to use, more money and resources dedicated to educating our children than any other nation on earth. According to the National Adult Literacy Survey, 42 million adult Americans cannot read; 50 million can recognize so few printed words they are limited to a 4th or 5th grade reading level; one out of every four teenagers drops out of high school, and those who graduate, one out of every four has the equivalent or less of an eighth grade education. The number of functional illiterate adults increases by an alarming two million people a year. If a child is not taught proper reading and meaning techniques before they pass the fourth grade they will be suppressed and forced to take some remedial course to help them cope with not being at the same level as the other children. There is an answer why children cannot read but it is a hard fact for many people in the education field to swallow. It requires these professionals, who have been engaged in a form of education malpractice for many years, to admit that the methods of teaching reading they have been teaching since the beginning have been all wrong. The method that most teachers teach is that children should memorize or guess at words by looking at pictures or have clues given to them. Learning this way is supposed to be more fun and meaningful, but apparently with the high rate of illiterate children is due impart to this method of teaching. Teaching children to read should be the most important objective educators have. Learning to read is a prerequisite for everything else in life that one will encounter. The English language contains about a half million words, but on average only 300 words make up people s everyday vocabulary. Where do the other 499,700 or more words go? Whether you know it or not, you are carrying the weight of all the illiterate people in the USA on your back. It has been approximated that the yearly cost in welfare unemployment compensation due to illiteracy is six billion dollars. Literacy Volunteers of America state, an additional 237 billion dollars a year in unrealized earnings is forfeited by persons who lack basic reading skills. Family involvement is a major key in unlocking a child's learning ability. If a child is read to on a regular basis, they will be ahead of the game before they start their long journey to read. With how technological our world is becoming, it is important that families place an extreme value on knowing their children can read fluently and understand what they have read. After parents do as much as they can to help their children get ahead start, the teachers can teach the rules of reading to our children. If we as a nation let this illiteracy problem keep going at the rate that its going now, there will not be anything left for future generations. Everyone will not be able to read or talk fluently. All of the manufacturing would halt because no one could read directions to build anything and the nation would be in total chaos. So do your part and help a child learn to read.

A Wedding I Have Attended Essay

Last year, I went to Taiping to attend my cousin’s wedding. She, unlike most of my family members, is a Christian. So, this was the first time I have been to a Christian wedding. Her wedding was held in the Chinese Methodist Church. The wedding had two receptions in two different places, one in Taiping and another in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. This marriage was traditionally done every step of the way. The marriage and betrothals were made a year ago by both bride and bridegroom. During the engagement, the bride and groom exchanged rings as symbol that they have tied a knot together. I could see the look on my cousin’s face that day, something that I cannot describe in words. She was grinning from ear to ear and I could tell she was really happy and also anxious at the same time. The engagement was held at the bride’s in Kuala Lumpur. Although it was just an engagement, it was held grandly because my cousin was the last one to get married in her family. All of my family members came all the way to Kuala Lumpur to see her get engaged. On the exact same day, the couple announced that their wedding will be held on the month of September. The reason they chose this date is because they believe that the safest season to get married is between the month of harvest and the month of Christmas, when food is plenteous. On the wedding day, the bridegroom was smartly dressed in a tuxedo. On the other hand, the bride looked stunning wearing a picturesque white gown and her face covered with a veil. Everyone was seated in the church with the groom and his best man, waiting for the bride. After a few minutes of waiting, the bride finally arrived. She was walk down the aisle by her father. This is one of the traditions of a Christian wedding. This indirectly shows that, when her father gives his daughter away, he is giving his blessing to the couple and acknowledging that her family approves of her choice. As she walked through the hallway of the church were the groom awaits, she was escorted by two flower girls, two pageboys and a few bridesmaids. The flower girls, who were looking very pleasant, threw flower petals on the floor. The pageboys on the other hand, were carrying a ring each. The bridesmaids consists of my cousins close friends were just overlooking the scenario. As soon as the bride was on the stage, where the bridegrooms was, my uncle handed over his daughter to the groom. Then, both of the bride and bridegroom kneeled down in front of the priest. The priest asked them the usual questions that are always asked in a Christian wedding. After both of them said â€Å"I do†, the bride and the groom exchanged rings. The priest pronounced them husband and wife, and his last word to the groom was â€Å"you may kiss the bride† indicates to the groom to kiss the bride and indirectly telling them that they are legally together as husband and wife. After that, my newly wedded cousin and her husband walk down the aisle again as husband and wife. Outside, a red Ferrari was waiting for them to take them to a fancy restaurant where the wedding reception is held. Me and all my family members followed their car from behind giving the newlyweds.

Painting and sculpture gallery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Painting and sculpture gallery - Essay Example The extent of the material elasticity greatly determines its stability under such a load. Continuous increase in the load applied to a structural element lead to an increased deformation. There is a limit reached where the material loses it elastic nature. This limit is refereed to as the elastic limit. Further stretching of the structural member beyond this limit results to permanent deformation of the material. Beyond the point of elasticity, hooks law ceases to apply, the material behaves in a plastic manner, plastic material do not return to their original shape after the load has been removed. At yield point the material may collapse. It is upon the structural engineer to perform comprehensive calculation of the loads applied to a building and come up with a suitable structure to resist the calculated load. There are two types of loads. There is the live and dead load. Structural elements are also subjected to compressive loads. This causes a decrease in the original size of these elements and a consequent increase in the cross-sectional area of the element. A compressive force in a building affects structural elements such as columns, struts and beams. Excessive compressive forces results to the buckling of these structural materials. The designer must calculate these compressive load and select materials that can withstand buckling.Creep is another structural effect that affects materials used in building and construction; udder creep the material is slowly and progressively deformed. This mainly occurs when structural members are subjected to high temperatures, continuous vibration from heavy machines and repeated cyclic stress. Creep leads to the gradual sagging of ties and beams and the loosening of bolts use... Tension, which is the degree of material deformation due to the material being subjected to a pulling force results changes in shape of the ties that are used during the construction of trusses, the tension should be accurately calculated to ensure that the deformation on the structural members does not exceed the yield point.Structural elements are subjected to compressive loads. This causes a decrease in the original size of these elements and a consequent increase in the cross-sectional area of the element. A compressive force in a building affects structural elements such as columns, struts and beams. Excessive compressive forces results to the buckling of these structural materials. The designer must calculate these compressive load and select materials that can withstand buckling. Creep is another structural effect that affects materials used in building and construction; udder creep the material is slowly and progressively deformed. This mainly occurs when structural members a re subjected to high temperatures, continuous vibration from heavy machines and repeated cyclic stress. Creep leads to the gradual sagging of ties and beams and the loosening of bolts use to join the structural elements. The designer has therefore to take into account such unnoticeable changes that may lead to rapture of the material. Creep lead to material fracture. The progressive fracture of material leads to fatigue and finally the material fails.

New York Trip Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

New York Trip - Case Study Example New York is one of the towns in the world that is highly populated and most visited places in the world makes it expensive to visits for vacation in comparison to other cities. An estimated $10000 was spent on the day trip to New York for my family of four. This included all the flights, accommodation, food, drinks and every other expense. The Flight from Miami to New York via Delta Airways cost $400 per person, and it took 3hours for a non-stop trip. At New York City, we booked the Avalon hotel for the bed and breakfast option the hotel had an executive accommodation and at this particular time of the year the management was giving its customers a 10% discount. For the three nights we spent at Avalon, and we incurred an estimated cost of $3000. During the second day of the travel to New York City, we decided to watch a family friendly show at one of the theatres. At Gershwin Theatre, we decided to watch the show wicked. The reason we choose this show is that it is filled with fun, it’s kid-friendly since we were in the company of my 10-year brother, and most importantly my parents were interested in watching a comedy show. The Entertainment Weekly characterized the wicked show as the â€Å"The best musical of the decade.† The ticket for the wicked show was being sold at $70 per head. This show was family friendly, the only disadvantage is that my younger brother found it too long for his age, he was enjoying it but at his age any show that lasts for more than one hour is too much. The second show in my trip to New York City was â€Å"live of the saints†, this is a short story that we selected since it was getting late, we were tired and for this reason we preferred to watch a show that was short, brief and family-friendly as well. The show was at Gershwin Theatre as well. My little brother was already exhausted from the last show, but he seemed to enjoy this show that the previous

Respiratory failure Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Respiratory failure - Case Study Example A fall arterial oxygen tension (Pa, O2) of 6.0 kPa (45 mmHg) or both, is indicative of respiratory failure (Roussos and Koutsoukou, 2003). Respiratory failure may be acute or chronic. In case of Wilson, the respiratory failure is acute and this is indicated by the drastic change in the acid-base status (pH= 7.3). The cause of respiratory failure in him is the right lower lobe collapse-consolidation secondary to pneumonia. Lower respiratory tract infection is known as pneumonia. The pathology lies in the parenchyma of the lungs which consist of alveolar sacs. There are several causes of pneumonia, the most common of which is bacterial (Stephen, 2009). Bacterial pneumonia can be community acquired or hospital-acquired. In case of Wilson, the pneumonia is hospital acquired. Â  Decreased oxygen saturation: Acute respiratory failure occurs when the body is unable to maintain gas exchange at a rate on par with the demands of the body like in pneumonia. The damage to lung parenchyma in pneumonia results in the release of inflammatory mediators and fluids because of which intrapulmonary shunting, ventilation-perfusion mismatching, hypoventilation and diffusion defects occur (Stephen, 2009). All these eventually lead to hypoxemia which is evident in the blood gas analysis of Wilson (Ranjit, 2001). In ventilation-perfusion mismatch, areas which have lower ventilation as against perfusion contribute to hypoxemia.

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Management - Essay Example The company should use the generic strategies to achieve competitive advantage. These generic strategies include; differentiation, focus and cost leadership. Cost leadership strategy strongly emphasizes on working towards a goal of producing low priced products. Many people would be attracted to companies that offer lower prices for their services and products. For example, South West airlines have used this strategy, and the profits have grown immensely through application of cost leadership strategy. Differentiation strategy emphasizes on production of unique products and services that are better than their competitors and are valued more by customers. For a company that wants to make great changes, differentiations of their products is very important. Focus strategy means developing a certain market target. A focused strategy targets market segments which are less vulnerable to any substitutes or in situations where competition is weakest. This will enable a company to attain comp etitive advantage. For a business that is undergoing large change, marketing strategy implementation is also very important. A company may be undergoing a change like change of product, change of process; change of location change of product composition etc. customers may not be aware of these changes and may become reluctant to buy their products (Paley, 2006 pp.21). These changes may have a negative impact on the company if they do not follow well defined strategies. The initial purposes for change which in most cases are done with an aim of increasing profit may not be met if they are not well advertised. For example; a company may decide to change their products. When these products get to the market customers who are not aware of them may be reluctant to buy. Buyers have to be made aware of the products through good marketing strategy. They need to be made aware of the benefits of using the products. Advertisement is a good marketing strategy in the business set up undergoing m assive change. Appealing means of capturing people to buy your product cannot be under weighed (Foxall, 2005).The advertisements should be made in such a way that it targets many people. For example; advertising in popular television and radio programs can capture millions of people. Similarly, advertisements can be done by use of large and attractive billboards in busy streets. For example; using a popular celebrity in your advertisement billboards can attract more attention. Good marketing strategy should be based on well developed ideas and well budgeted. It would require a good sum of money especially if large commercial advertisements have to be done. It should also ensure that the targeted population is reached. For example; a product that targets youth should have marketing strategies that adequately draw their attention more. Strategic management theory Strategic management is the approach and the process of pointing out the objectives of an organization and implementing pol icies that will ensure achievement of these objectives. In broad term, it can be seen as a combination of the formulation, implementation and evaluation of the strategy. Management theory provides a framework for knowledge organization. It also provides blueprint for actions that can guide organizations in achieving their objectives (Parnell, 2004 pp.34). Many managers rely on these contributions that were made by past industrialists.

Entrepreneur Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Entrepreneur - Assignment Example The quality and value of the products solely determine the ability of the companies to have resources for the next business run (Weerawardena & Mort, 2006). The companies have to operate in order to produce relevant products that can help the target audience in terms of fulfilling their needs and wants. Additionally, entrepreneurship cannot work effectively without remaining committed to the needs of the customers. The culture is the force that storms over every concern of the society. The collective cultures value needs of the many over those of the few so the companies have to entrepreneur in such a way that they can assist the general public regarding betterment of living standards, and the individualistic societies are using completely different approach than the abovementioned one (Spear, 2006). There is always room present for bringing innovations and inventions in the market because workforce over there is creative, and they have adequate level of technology at their disposal that they can apply as a means of accomplishing their ambitions (Akhter, 2007). Furthermore, the strategic management values the creativity of employees, and therefore, the entrepreneurial characteristics remain prominent in the organizational setup of the developed nations. The developing nations bring betterment at operational level, and often they import products from developed ones, and develop the model of franchising in order to earn their due share with each deal so the true entrepreneurship that involves innovation and invention is resident of developed nations of America and Europe (Ali, 2010). The literacy rates in developing parts of the world is not remarkable in nature, and because of this reason, professionals are not proficient with reference to their creative powers. The innovation is the defining attribute of entrepreneurships, but the human resources are the

Healthcare Policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Healthcare Policy - Assignment Example A recent evaluation of the UK healthcare policy shows that while policies have contributed to a positive change in society development, there is still need to improve these policies. An area of keen interest is the increase in lifestyle diseases within the country, which has now raised an alarm within the public. Despite the efforts of the NHS policy ton use a preventive approach to reduce lifestyle diseases, it is clear that diseases such as Cancer, hypertension and lung diseases are on the rise. This essay seeks to critically appraise the evaluation of the NHS policy to identify various weaknesses and the strengths of this policy. In the recent past, there has been a great rise in lifestyle related diseases such as cancer, high blood pressure, diabetes, gout and heart diseases (Shepard, 2010: Chock lingam and Beleaguer, 1999). These diseases have become major killers in the world and are very expensive to treat. The government ever increasing budget allocation in health has not made any progress in reducing the health problems in most countries. In the United Kingdom there exists free medical care for its citizens as one way of showing its community towards creation of zero-disease environment (Kumar & Kumar, 2003). The NHS Despite use of many resources used for treatment of patients, it is clear that the health demands are increasing each day as the population grows and there is little chance for the establishment of a healthy society. Statistics show that the government and public spending is expected to spend more on diseases such as cancer and heart diseases in the near future. This has raised question am ong many scholars who feel that the government should find an alternative strategy towards creation of a health environment. The NHS policy has paid a lot of attention to lifestyle diseases in the past ten years. The NHS policy seeks to the reduce lifestyle diseases by engaging a preventive approach that seeks to intervene on this

Individual Reflective Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Individual Reflective Report - Essay Example My group identified the huge potential in this sector. We plan to establish a company which deals with selling game prepaid cards to Chinese players. Why the Chinese? This card, which is top up for Chinese internet games, helps Chinese players who are out of their home country to access a reliable payment method in order to access their favourite games just as if they were in China. The Chinese internet banking needs are cumbersome unlike payment methods such as VISA. Our prepaid card makes the whole process of accessing one’s favourite game so much easier when the player is in a foreign country. There are a number of other companies providing a payment method though not exactly the same as ours. We will compete with them due to our projected lower price. This lower price is as a result of operational efficiency and cost associated with a smaller workforce capable of multitasking in different departments. We plan to retain all our customers due to our honesty policy by which w e work for the best interest of our customers. The staff should have good knowledge of internet gaming and online transactions. The company should create a website to facilitate online payments and also set real world stores. There are more than enough suppliers who would be willing and ready to increase our penetration into the target Chinese market via internet. Process of Idea Initiation The process of idea initiation was quite interesting. Each and every member of my group had an idea to propose. Some of the ideas were quite interesting but were quickly objected due to the existence of highly effective competitors. Other ideas were ruled out due to varied reasons such as lack of enough information about how prospective the to-be proposed business would be and lack of originality. After intense discussion on which idea our group would embark on, the group did not come up with a final decision. We decided to dismiss the group and meet on a later date. Every member of the group was supposed to refine his or her idea before the next meeting. On the following meeting, all members showed up. Some dismissed their previously proposed ideas due to reasons such as lack of enough information, them being not practical and low success potential. The group was left to choose between three ideas. Members of the group discussed on the specifics of the ideas before voting for the best idea of them all. A clear majority of the group members agreed on the game prepaid cards as the most lucrative and potentially successful business idea. The occurrences of the process of idea initiation match content of literature. Brainstorming is one of the most common ways of coming up with new ideas. Pinson (2008, p. 21) advises that immediate decision on the best business idea should not be immediately made since brainstorming lacks the virtue of enough information. Group members should dig deeper into knowing facts and other relevant information of their proposed ideas before reaching a n agreement. Making a decision straight away after a brainstorming process may result to the dismissal of the idea due to poor project fundamentals later on after time and other resources have been invested in developing the business plan. Team Work I enjoyed the level of cooperation and the group’s synergy. Majority of the tasks assigned to group members were completed on time. This shows the dedication of individual in making the team work come out successful. Team members contributed in form of

HRM SCENARIOS ASSIGMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

HRM SCENARIOS ASSIGMENT - Essay Example Since then, Tesco has come a long way and has faced many changes in its corporate strategy. There are certain features of Tesco PLC which help in its differentiation from other retail giants. First is its 'inclusive offer' which has helped Tesco to appeal to all segments of markets thereby attracting customers from all groups of incomes- upper, medium and low and hence make it a one-stop shop for a an array of commodities. Second, Tesco has propagated use of its 'own-brand products' and thereby made the best of efforts to overcome reluctance faced by customer in purchasing own-brands, as they are considered to garner more profits for a supermarket. Thirdly, one of the key features of Tesco's policy is 'Customer Focus' which is put into effect by shifting focus from 'maximization of shareholder value' to have an unambiguous focus on customer service as the top aim of the company, thereby also making higher profits. Home Market- Tesco focuses on the core UK business which involves grocery retailing in its home market. It is also looking at expanding by making a move into the convenience-store sector which is an idea otherwise shunned by supermarkets. Non-food business- In 2006, Tesco had successfully managed to become the largest non-food retailer in the UK. ... Retailing services- Going one step further, Tesco is also into services like personal finance, telecoms, and other utilities. It has managed to fight competition in these fields by entering into joint ventures with the big players thereby increasing its customer base and brand strength. International - In 1994, Tesco started to expand internationally and by February 2006 nearly a quarter of its sales were a result of its international operations. Its major developing markets are present in Central Europe, Far East and the United States. Future Scenario-1 The centre point of this future scenario is based on the assumption that Asda, the second biggest retail store in U.K. and a subsidiary of Wal-Mart, the world's biggest retail store, takes over Tesco. At present Tesco is the lading retail store in U.K. with a market share of about 30.6%, more than double as that of its closest competitor Asda. Supermarket Market Share (%) Tesco 30.6 Asda 16.6 Sainsbury's 16.3 Morrison's 11.1 Somerfield 5.4 Waitrose 3.7 Iceland 1.8 Source: TNS (2006) If Tesco looses out its market share to Asda ,owing to critical policy changes by Asda then in the face of such competition, Tesco would have to critically examine its priorities and hold on to its customer base. According to extrapolation of the current scenario, the probability of such a case to take place is very less. However, if Wal-mart focuses more on the functioning of Asda giving out its necessary skills and experience, this could happen in a matter of 5-7 years. HRM implications This would mean critical changes in the HR management of Tesco. It would have to undertake various measures in order to fight the

Why And When To Use Shell Scripts Essay Example for Free

Why And When To Use Shell Scripts Essay Use the Internet and the ITT Tech Virtual Library to research shell scripts and answer the following question: What is a shell script? What are the advantages of using shell scripts? What are the common usages of Windows PowerShell? A shell script is a computer program designed to be run by the shell of an operating system such as Unix. The various dialects of shell scripts are considered to be scripting languages. The advantages of shell scripts are: Shortcuts – provides a convenient variation of a system command where special environment settings, command options, or post-processing apply automatically, but in a way that allows the new script to still act as a fully normal shell command. Batch Jobs – allow several commands that would be entered manually at a command-line interface to be executed automatically, and without having to wait for a user to trigger each stage of the sequence. Generalization – Instead of each item being listed within the script, the item is provided on a command line and the shell uses loops, tests and variables to take those items and perform a simple task. PowerShell is a Microsoft Windows tool used to create scripts used in place of the command-line tool. PowerShell uses cmdlets which are specialized commands that implement specific functions which in turn perform a single or multiple tasks.

A Study on Roman Ampitheatres

A Study on Roman Ampitheatres Roman amphitheatres If one were to ask any person what first comes to mind when they think of Roman civilisation, most people would instantly respond with the Colosseum in Rome, or the Gladiatorial games. The Colosseum in Rome was a symbol of the power and wealth that Rome possessed at the height of her glory, and even today, the amphitheatre dominates the surrounding area, and draws the eye like nothing else. Roman amphitheatres became synonymous with the spread of roman culture throughout the empire, and as such are an excellent case for understanding the spread of roman engineering practices as well as colonization of new territories.[1] A roman amphitheatre is a large freestanding structure, often oval or circular, which was built by Romans, primarily for the purpose of entertainment.[2] Amphitheatres housed a variety of spectacles, such as gladiatorial games, or executions of prisoners. The roman ruling elite understood that in order to keep the populace happy and complacent, they needed to be provided with nourishment for both the body and for the mind. As such, those who belonged the roman ruling class, the equestrians, would often fund spectacles for roman citizens of lower classes to attend, and be entertained by.[3] The history: Some of the earliest Roman amphitheatres date to the republic period, however, the majority of the most well-known were built during the imperial period.[4] The word amphitheatre comes from the latin â€Å"amphitheatrum† meaning theatre in the round, which differentiates amphitheatres from traditional greek theatres, which were most often semi-circular.[5] The Roman amphitheatre as an architectural phenomenon is believed to have roots in the Greek theatre traditions, indeed, the two are quite similar to one another in multiple respects.[6] There has been some debate over how Roman amphitheatres came to be invented, with some scholars suggesting that they first appeared in the area of Campania, which was well-known for its displays of funeral games, and later for its gladiatorial schools.[7] Interestingly, it is possible that the Romans borrowed the idea of gladiatorial combat from the Campanians, and adapted it for Roman ideals. One should note, however, that it has also been suggested by certain scholars that the Roman style of stone amphitheatres originated in Rome’s Forum Romanum, where a temporary wooden structure may have been built to provide a setting for gladiatorial games.[8] This wooden structure took the shape of the forum, which happened to be oblong.[9] This idea of a wooden amphitheatre comes from Pliny, who stated that Gaius Scribonius Curio constructed two wooden theatres which were moved together to become an amphitheatre to house the gladiatorial combats for the funeral games of his father.[10] Additionally, there are also records which show that after the destruction of Rome’s first stone amphitheatre, Nero built a new one of wood.[11] Later, when the Romans began to build more permanent versions of this original structure, they kept the same basic shape, though it was changed to be more round, which would provide more equidistant views of the spectacles below. The first permanent amphitheatre is believed to be the one built at Pompeii, and is a very simple construction compared to later amphitheatres.[12] The first stone amphitheatre in Rome was built by Statilius Taurus, an associate of Augustus. Unfortunately, this amphitheatre was eventually destroyed, and, in AD57, Nero built a new, wooden, amphitheatre. This construction was incredibly short-lived, and was eventually destroyed as well.[13] Though Rome’s Flavian amphitheatre was built rather late, most colonies had their own amphitheatres at least one hundred and fifty years before the Flavian amphitheatre was constructed.[14] Archaeological evidence suggests that the roman stone amphitheatres built outside of Rome were largely constructed for those roman citizens who helped to colonize the area, and to help the spread of the idea of Romaness.[15] It has been suggested that the amphitheatre at Pompeii may have been constructed specifically for the purpose of entertaining Sulla’s military colonists who were stationed there.[16] The Colosseum is today the most widely known and recognised of the roman amphitheatres, and even at the height of Rome’s power it was no different. The Flavian amphitheatre, as the name suggests, was the centre-piece of the Flavian dynasty. In AD 69, Rome fought a short, but brutal civil war, with the end result of Vespasian and his sons, Titus and Domitian, in control of Rome. The two initial goals of any new regime in Rome were often the same: first, to establish legitimacy and authority, and secondly, to discredit their predecessors. The Flavians were able to do both in one fell swoop, with the construction of the amphitheatre.[17] Emperor Nero before them had appropriated public land for the construction of his personal pleasure palace, â€Å"the Golden House†or Domus Aurea, making the already unpopular emperor despised among the populace.[18] With the civil war which led to the Flavians acceding to power, Nero was overthrown, and nearly all traces of his reign were obliterated. In AD 106 his opulent palace followed suit by means of a fire, freeing the once-public land to be used again. The Flavians took this opportunity, and constructed a venue which could be used and enjoyed by the Roman populace, the largest stone amphitheatre in the Roman Empire.[19] Indeed, the Flavian amphitheatre was designed to impress. The Flavian amphitheatre was a spectacular feat of Roman engineering. The seating area or cavea of the amphitheatre featured five different levels of seating which were specific to different classes of the population. In order for spectators to end up in the correct seating tier, they needed to traverse multiple flights of increasingly narrow steps, with the senators and members of the equestrian class climbing either no, or very few steps, while women and slaves climbing the most, to reach the highest tier of seating.[20] The manner in which the staircases and corridors were constructed is an interesting one in that the corridors and staircases closest to the bottom of the amphitheatre are wide and spacious, but the closer to the top, the narrower the passages become. It has been postulated that this was an intentional design on the part of the architects, not only to allow the best support for the structure, but also as an inherent form of crowd control.[21] The wider passageways at the bottom allowed the members of the upper echelons of society to exit the amphitheatre in an expedient and prompt manner, while those of the lower classes were filtered through the narrow passageways, thereby taking a longer time to leave the amphitheatre, allowing the elites to pass unimpeded by those who were less important than they. The amphitheatre also made excellent use of the most modern innovations underground, in the two stories of corridors that formed the substructure of the building.[22] This maze of chambers and passageways contained an assortment of lifts and pulleys which would allow animals for fights, or gladiators, to enter the pit seemingly from thin air, adding a layer of mystery and showmanship to the spectacle, to further excite the audience.[23] There were also spaces in the substructure which housed cages for the animals, as well as measures for safety. Additionally, there were spaces for the gladiators, and also areas for the animals to run and exercise.[24] In his â€Å"On the Spectacles,† Martial states that the structure surpasses earlier wonders of antiquity. While the Colosseum may be one of the best known amphitheatres, there were a great deal of others which were of similar importance. One such amphitheatre is the amphitheatre at Pompeii, which is currently the oldest surviving amphitheatre in the world.[25] Amphitheatres were synonymous with the spread of the Roman Empire and culture, and this trend continued at Pompeii.[26] While Pompeii already had a greek-style theatre, once she became a Roman colony in 80BC, several wealthy local elites, Quinctius Valgus and Marcius Porcius funded the building of a new Roman Amphitheatre.[27] This early amphitheatre was quite simple compared to the highly-engineered flavian amphitheatre, and featured a hollow oval arena, which was encircled by earthen banks for seating.[28] As the amphitheatre at Pompeii was the first of its kind, the term amphitheatrum was not used when it was first built, and instead, the dedicatory inscription reads spectaculum, meaning spectacle.[29] The amphitheatres of Rome were, and still are, often viewed as the symbol for the expansion of the roman culture and empire, and by examining them we can begin to comprehend the fantastic innovations that roman engineers were able to create. From the earliest amphitheatre at Pompeii, to the largest at Rome, we can see the brilliance, as well as the wealth and power, of ancient Rome. Works Cited Bomgardner, D. (2002). The Story of the Roman Amphitheatre. New York: Routledge. Coleman, K. M. (2003). Euergetism in its Place, Where was the Amphitheatre in Augustan Rome? London: Routledge. Holleran, C. (2003). The Development of Public Entertainment Venues in Rome and Italy. London: Routledge. Kyle, D. G. (2007). Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. Mueller, T. (2011). Unearthing the Colosseums secrets: a German archaeologist has deciphered the great stadiums complex stagecraft. Its underground labyrinth has just opened to visitors. Smithsonian, 26+. Welch, K. E. (1994). Amphitheatres in the Roman Republic: An archaeology of the Roman spectacle. New York. [1] (Welch, 1994) [2] (Welch, 1994), (Bomgardner, 2002) [3] (Coleman, 2003), (Holleran, 2003) [4] (Bomgardner, 2002), (Welch, 1994) [5] (Welch, 1994) [6] (Welch, 1994), (Kyle, 2007) [7] (Kyle, 2007) [8] (Kyle, 2007) [9] (Welch, 1994) [10] (Kyle, 2007) [11] (Kyle, 2007) [12] (Kyle, 2007), (Welch, 1994) [13] (Kyle, 2007) [14] (Coleman, 2003) [15] (Welch, 1994), (Coleman, 2003) [16] (Welch, 1994) [17] (Bomgardner, 2002) [18] (Bomgardner, 2002) [19] (Welch, 1994) [20] (Bomgardner, 2002) [21] (Bomgardner, 2002) [22] (Mueller, 2011) [23] (Mueller, 2011) [24] (Kyle, 2007) [25] (Welch, 1994) [26] (Holleran, 2003) [27] (Holleran, 2003), (Kyle, 2007) [28] (Kyle, 2007) [29] (Welch, 1994)

The Equality And Diversity Criminology Essay

The Equality And Diversity Criminology Essay In order to approach this question one will begin to give a critical overview of what racism and institutional racism mean and the effects it has on societal fabrics. Furthermore instances of racist attacks in Great Britain that caused uproars and how governmental institutions were deemed to be racists from findings, and how to implement the recommendations given to combat institutional discrimination. In putting this situation into proper context, one has to cast their minds back to two significant events. The first event is the Brixtion riots that occurred from the 10th till the 12th of April, 1981 and the second event is that of the racist murder of black teenager, Stephen Lawrence on the 22nd of April, 1993 on the streets of Eltham in London. What led to the events of the Brixton riot? To give a brief overview, a young black man, Michael Bailey, who had been severely stabbed by some black youths, was being helped by the police. This young man thought he was being arrested and having been advised by three other young black guys who stood nearby, broke free from the policemans grip. Two other policemen went after him, administered first aid and called for an ambulance. A group of young black men, grasped him from the police, put him in a car and drove him to the hospital before the ambulance arrived to assist him.  [1]   Prior to this event, tension was mounting between the Metropolitan police and the black community in the Lambeth borough. There had been a lot of stop and searches after the birth of Operation Swamp 81, whereby officers were dressed in plain clothes and stopped and searched black youths in an attempt to reduce street robberies.  [2]  After the Michael Bailey incident, the police continued with Operation Swamp 81 which angered the black community resulting in a full scale riot which ensued in Brixton. On the 22nd of April, at 10:30 pm, Stephen Lawrence, a black 18 year old youth was waiting at the bus stop with his friend Duwayne Brooks when in full frontal view of eyewitnesses was stabbed twice in the chest and killed in cold blood by five racist youths who were chanting: What, what, nigger? The police refused to treat the case as a racist attack and inferred Duwayne Brooks, Stephens friend who had a narrow escape from meeting his death a suspect.  [3]   INTRODUCTION In the context of the foregoing this essay will be divided into four parts. The first part will talk about racism as well as institutional racism and the effects it has on our society. The second part will bring up Lord Scarman and Sir William MacPhersons findings on Institutional Racism and the damnation he meted out to the Metropolitan Police after the botching up of the investigation into Stephen Lawrences death. The third part will look into the governments responses and Sir MacPhersons recommendations on how to combat Institutional Racism. Finally, equality after Sir Macpherson. Have there been any achievements or is it a figment of our imagination? PART ONE This brings us to ask the questions, what is racism? What is institutional racism? This essay will therefore primarily define racism in contrast to what is defined as institutional racism. What is racism? As Sandra Fredman  [4]  puts it, racism is not about objective characteristics , but about relationships of domination and subordination, about hatred of the Other in defence of Self, perpetrated and apparently legitimated through images of the Other as inferior, abhorrent, even sub-human. To break it down in its simplest form, racism as explained in the Oxford English Dictionary is the belief that all members of each race possess certain characteristics, abilities, or qualities specific to that race and giving rise to the belief that certain races are better than others. It goes on further to describe racism as discrimination against or hostility towards other races.  [5]   Why are people racists? Racism comes in various forms; white people against black people and vice versa, heterosexuals against gays and lesbians, and even within a country, tribe against tribe. In the Ashanti tribe of Ghana, to marry outside that tribe is frowned upon because the Ashanti tribe tends to believe they are more superior to the other tribes. It all boils down to the fact that the racist tends to feel more superior and better than the person who suffers at the hand of the racist person. Some findings claim it is fear, superiority complex as well as ignorance that bring about racism. Racism is not found in the genes but its existence within a community is passed on from generation onto generation. The effect of suffering from racist attacks is like that of being bullied. The fear of going out of the house or pretending to be ill in order not to meet the racist is one of the effects of racism. According to the Equality Act 2010, it is illegal to discriminate on the grounds o f race, employment and in providing goods and services.  [6]   PART TWO The question now is what is Institutional racism? In trying to look at the definition of institutional racism, one will constantly encounter the problem of generality, acceptance, universality and exhaustiveness. The two concepts, racism and institutional racism cannot, from literature, have universality in terms of definition but for the purpose of this essay, one will concentrate on the views and findings of Lord Scarman and Sir William MacPhersons reports of the Brixton Riot Inquiry and the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry. On the 14th of April two days after the Brixton Riots had ended, William Whitelaw, who was the Home Secretary at the time instructed Lord Scarman to hold an enquiry into the riots. Lord Scarman presented his findings to Parliament in November of 1981. There were factors that catapulted the Brixton riot. Social conditions the black community lived in then was abysmal in the Borough of Lambeth. There was overcrowding of families in properties. Even though over 12,000 properties in the borough were deemed unfit to be habited, 8, 250 lacked one or more basic amenities and much of these were found in Brixton where the riot occurred.  [7]   The main criticisms of the police during the inquiry was one of Racial Prejudice. According to the inquiry, Lord Scarman, from evidence received believed the riots were provoked by harassment of black people by a racially prejudiced police force in the way it handled the stop and search scheme, called the sus laws. Lord Scarman came up with recommendations as to how the police could police a multi cultural community. Recruitment of black people into the force was one of the recommendation as ethnic minorities were heavily under-represented. Black people serving in the Metropolitan Police on the 6th of October 1981 was 132, 0.5 per cent of the total strength of the force.  [8]   Training the police force was also recommended. Police were not adequately trained to police a multi-racial society. Reports received by Lord Scarman suggested the police were not adequately trained, and the time and resources devoted to training was insufficient. He was presented with two particularly powerful submissions on the need to strengthen police training from the Police Superintendents Association of England and Wales and the Police Federation of England and Wales.  [9]  Lord Scarmans report fell short of branding the Metropolitan Police force institutionally racist. Jack Straw, the then Home Secretary about ten years after the Brixton riots ordered a public inquiry to be led by Sir William Macpherson into the actions of the Metropolitan Police in the botched investigation of the murder of black teenager Stephen Lawrences death. This move was instigated through the persistent efforts of Mr and Mrs Neville Lawrence, the parents of Stephen Lawrence. Sir William Macpherson uncovered a whole lot of anomalies, injustices and unacceptable procedures on the part of the Metropolitan Police during the investigations after the death of Stephen. This was when he condemned the Metropolitan Police and deemed the force as institutionally racist. In Sir Macphersons report he reported: Lord Scarman, at page 135 of his Report relating to the Brixton disorders of 1981 said this:- The evidence which I have received, the effect of which I have outlined ., leaves no doubt in my mind that racial disadvantage is a fact of current British life .. . Urgent action is needed if it is not to become an endemic, ineradicable disease threatening the very survival of our society . racial disadvantage and its nasty associate racial discrimination, have not yet been eliminated. They poison minds and attitudes; they are, as long as they remain, and will continue to be a potent factor of unrest. It is a sad reflection upon the intervening years that in 1998-99 those extracted words have remained relevant throughout both parts of our Inquiry.  [10]   Lord Macpherson went on further to describe for the purposes of the inquiry, the concept of institutional racism as: The collective failure of an organisation to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture, or ethnic origin. It can be seen or detected in processes, attitudes and behaviour which amount to discrimination through unwitting prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness and racist stereotyping which disadvantage minority ethnic people.  [11]   Sir Macpherson gave seventy recommendations in his report for society not to tolerate racism whatsoever. The report also proposed accountability, openness and restoration of confidence regarding the Metropolitan Police. The report also demanded that other public bodies including schools, the judicial system, civil service, the National Health Service would all have to make changes if the recommendations are implanted in full.  [12]   PART THREE Ten years after Sir Macpherson presented his findings in his report, the Home Affairs Committee, appointed by the House of Commons came together on the 28th of April 2009 to consider how much progress had been made in tackling racism in the police force. The witnesses who gathered that day were Mrs Doreen Lawrence, Stephen Lawrences mother; the Chair of the Metropolitan Black Police Association, Mr. Alfred John; the chair of the Equalities and Human Rights Commission, Trevor Phillips; Deputy Assistant Commissioner Rod Jarman of the Metropolitan Police; and the Association of Chief Police Officers lead for race and diversity, Chief Constable Stephen Otter. Written evidence was also received from Duwayne Brooks, who was with Stephen the night he was murdered and the Home Office.  [13]   These were key people who could make relevant to the inquiry ten years on. All witnesses present concurred apt progress had been made in tackling racial prejudice and discrimination since 1999. The Home Office reported to the committee that out of the seventy recommendations put forward by Sir Macpherson, sixty seven of them had been implemented fully or in part. Tribute was also given to senior officers for work undertaken to ensure greater awareness of race as an issue throughout the force. Mr Phillips, went on to explain the impact of the Macpherson Report on police leadership: The use of the term institutional racism à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ was absolutely critical in shaking police forces up and down the country out of their complacency. The consequence of that has been that police forces have paid a lot of attention; they have put a lot of resources in.  [14]   Duwayne Brooks also highlighted the fact that the introduction of appropriately trained Family Liaison Officers as recommended by Sir Macpherson in his recommendation as an important area of progress. The police made mention of this as a key factor to improving homicide detection rates. Chief Constable Otter argued that these improvements had resulted in increasing confidence levels in black communities, which now mirror confidence levels in white communities nationally.  [15]   However, there is certain number of areas which was highlighted which indicates the police continue to fail ethnic minorities in relation to stop and search laws. In 1999, a black person was six times more likely to be stopped and searched under Section 1 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act. In 2006/2007, it was seven times.  [16]   Mrs Lawrence, during the Macpherson Inquiry, raised concerns about the way the police had treated her family during the investigation of Stephens murder. While Family Liaison Officers have since been introduced to improve the relationship between the investigation team and victims families, in her opinion these officers are more there to collect information and evidence rather than communicate to the family how the investigation is happening and black families continue to feel that they are treated differently from white families. She believed that at the root of this was the assumption by officers that black victims of violence are often involved in criminal activity themselves. In 2007/08, 28 per cent of people from ethnic minority communities felt that they would be treated worse by the police or another criminal justice agency because of their race.  [17]   The area where slowest progress has been made and as acknowledged by the police force themselves is within the police workforce itself. Sir Macpherson recommended that policing plans should include targets for recruitment, progression and retention of ethnic minority staff but by the end of 2008, twenty of the forty three forces in England and Wales had not reached their individual target and overall the percentage had only risen from around 2 per cent to 4.1 per cent.  [18]  There has also been little change in numbers progressing up the ranks. There was only one black chief constable in Kent at the time of the committees meeting but has now left the constabulary and working at the Crown Prosecution Service as Chief Inspector.  [19]   Mr. Alfred John, the Chair of the Metropolitan Black Police Association, argued that staff discipline is still extremely disproportionate and extremely harsh towards visible minorities. Officers from black and ethnic minority communities are more likely to have been dismissed or required to resign compared with their white counterparts by 8.5 per cent to 1.7 per cent. Mr.Trevor Phillips also emphasised that there are some parts of the police service..particularly some of what people call the elite squads which are essentially still largely white and male.  [20]   Doctors and nurses are committing institutional discrimination against National Health Service patients with a learning disability, a report warned in January 2012. More than seventy disabled patients have died because of mistakes by hospital staff in the past decade, it was claimed. Mencap, a disability charity, described the findings in its report as damning, adding that as a result of institutional discrimination in the National Health Service people were needlessly dying. According to the charity, the deaths of the seventy four vulnerable patients were either caused or complicated by the actions of hospital staff who failed to treat them properly, showed ignorance or indifference to their suffering. The report said advice from the families of patients had been ignored, serious illnesses had not been diagnosed and basic nursing care was not carried out. These cases are a damning indictment of NHS care for people with a learning disability, David Congdon, Mencaps head of campaigns and policy told The Guardian newspaper. They confirm that too many parts of the health service still do not understand how to treat people with a learning disability and they are an appalling catalogue of neglect and indignity. As a result of institutional discrimination in the NHS, people with a learning disability are dying when their lives could be saved.  [21]   Organisations may trumpet their commitment to equality and diversity. But are they really facing up to and tackling subtle, insidious forms of discrimination, asks Blair McPherson. A National Health Service Trust is found to have racially  discriminated against a former manager, who is awarded  £1million. The organisation is characterised as institutionally racist. Despite the tribunal ruling the organisation remains defiant: We are not racist. They are not alone in failing to recognise institutional racism. In much the same way senior managers in many organisations today claim that racism is not a problem .A young African-Caribbean woman submits a grievance against a manager because she was not shortlisted for a post. A quick investigation reveals that the individual did not meet the person specification for the post specifically, she did not have management experience. So the decision not to shortlist was right. No, she says, I am complaining because that criterion was added b y the manager once he realised I was interested in the post. Further investigation reveals that a working group set up to agree a job description and a person specification for this new post produced one that was accepted and did not include a requirement for a management qualification.  [22]   The complainant knows this because she was a member of the working group. She also knows that the requirement for a management qualification was added by the manager who recruited for the post. She knows this because she asked Human Resources why the specification changed and who changed it. Human Resources confirm this and say the manager argued that the innovatory nature of the post meant it should be paid at a slightly higher level to attract existing managers. The person specification was changed to reflect this. The grievance was not upheld. However this was not the first time a member of staff had commented that this manager would never employ a black person as a manager. Within the black staff group this was just further evidence. Was he racist and clever enough to get away with it? Black people are still under-represented in senior posts. A black manager is still likely to be described as aggressive when the same behaviour from a colleague is called assertive. Black staff ar e more likely to describe their manager as unsupportive, and in many organisations black staff are disproportionately subject to disciplinary action. Perhaps as a consequence, black staff have less faith in their organisations disciplinary and grievance procedures.  [23]   PART FOUR-CONCLUSION Equality after the Macpherson Report; Is it an achievement or a mirage? The Equality Act 2010, helps achieve equal opportunities at work, and in society. The Home Offices Think, Act, Report framework supports and encourages organisations to improve gender  equality in their organisations. Despite progress over many years, the median gender pay gap (the difference between mens and womens average earnings) is still  20.2 per cent. This is partly because the vast majority of low-paid jobs, in areas such as secretarial work and childcare, are still done by women. But the evidence also suggests that, even when they are working in better-paid professions, women generally occupy less senior positions than men, and are less well- paid than their male peers for comparable jobs.  [24]   Think, Act, Report provides a simple step-by-step framework to help companies think about gender equality in their workforces, on key issues such as recruitment, retention, promotion and pay. The initiative encourages companies to share their progress in promoting gender equality, and the framework suggests data that could be made public. But the government understands that companies will be in different situations, and many will not be in a position to publish data on everything. It is up to individual firms to decide what information they publish. Companies supporting  the initiative range from those just starting to think about gender equality issues, to those with action plans and reporting mechanisms in place. What they share is simply a common desire to be more transparent about workforce issues and disseminate best practice.  [25]   There is legislation in place (section 78, Equality Act 2010), which  would force companies to report their gender pay gap. However, the government is not minded to commence these provisions. It believes that a voluntary, business-led initiative will be better at driving the culture change we want to see on this issue, where reporting on a range of workforce information not just the gender pay gap becomes the norm. Think, Act, Report encourages companies to publish as much information as possible including their gender pay gap, if they feel comfortable doing so but its a voluntary initiative, and its for companies themselves to choose what they make public, and where.  [26]   The governments equality strategy sets out our vision for a strong, modern and fair Britain. It is built on two principles of equality equal treatment and equal opportunity. This means building a society where no one is held back because of who they are, or where they come from. The strategy sets out a new approach, not built on bureaucracy but aimed at changing culture and attitudes, tackling the causes of inequality and building a stronger fairer and more cohesive society where equality is for everyone and is everyones responsibility. The government cannot and will not do this by dictating from the centre. Instead, our strategy sets out how we will work with business, local communities and citizens to promote good practice, transparency and accountability.  The strategy sets out a new approach to delivering equality, moving away from the identity politics of the past and to an approach that recognises peoples individuality.  It explains  a new role for government, promoting equality through transparency and behaviour change and working with businesses, the voluntary sector and wider civil society to create equal opportunities for everyone.  Ã‚  [27]   Theresa May, Home Secretary and minister for women and equality: Equality underpins this coalitions guiding principles of freedom, fairness and responsibility. But in the end, it will take all of us working together to build the strong, modern and fair Britain that we all want to see.  [28]   On 22 May 2012, the  government published a progress report which describes how the new approach to equality,  which is  based on transparency, local accountability and reducing bureaucracy, is beginning to make a difference across the five key priority areas outlined in the equality strategy.  [29]   The Home Office is working extremely in implementing policies and legislation which relate to sexual orientation and transgender equality. This includes the Civil Partnership Act 2004, Equality Act 2010 and equality policy for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people. On 5 December 2011 the government removed the ban on civil partnership registrations taking place on religious premises, on a voluntary basis.  This was done by implementing Section 202 of The Equality Act 2010.This means that religious organisations can voluntarily apply to have their religious premises approved to host civil partnership registrations. No religious organisation can be forced to do this, and the civil partnership registration itself has to remain entirely secular.  [30]   To conclude, Sir William Macphersons report has been an achievement and not a mirage or an illusion, with regards to the Home Offices action in the preceding paragraphs to achieving equality in the United Kingdom.

Essay --

The 14th Vienna Secessionist exhibition (1902) was dedicated to the appreciation and celebration of Ludwin van Beethoven. The famous and renowned German composer that had influenced thousands with his music. Gustav Klimt created his Beethoven frieze for this exhibition. The work of art was originally intended to be destroyed after the exhibition. It was applied directly to the walls with light materials so that its removal would be quick and easy. The Beethoven frieze is painted along the upper half of three walls. The paintings of the walls tell a story with the left wall being the beginning and the right wall being the end. The work of art was a 34 meter long frieze and was applied onto the wall with casein paint, gold paint, chalk, and graphite on plaster. The Frieze survived because it was bought by a collector before the exhibition came to a close. The collector had it cut into 8 pieces for transportation and the Frieze was not seen for another 80 years. Later, in 1973 the Austr ian Republic bought and restored it and placed it on permanent display in the Vienna Secession Building. The first long wall of the Beethoven frieze marks the beginning of a story. It begins with a series of elongated female figures that seem to flow along the top of an empty space. Their eyes are closed and some have their arms extended in from of them as if they were trying to reach out to something. They almost seem to represent the soul’s longing for peace and tranquility. Flowing into the background of the first predominant painting. This part of the Frieze shows, a family praying or begging to a noble knight. The family is completely naked with an overlying sense of poverty and suffering. It shows the father and mother figure on their knees wit... ...e frieze find their place when they come upon a woman playing a lyre. The lyre signifies poetry and music while the woman is a muse to for the human soul. The Last portion of the frieze shows the female figures once again but their arms are no longer reaching out and their faces have a sense of satisfaction. Their bodies are curved as if dancing to the sound of music. To the right of them there is a choir of women that seem to be singing. Since the Frieze was painting for the celebration of Beethoven it is believed that the choir is singing ode to joy. In between the choir there is what seems to be an altar where a man and a woman are holding each other tightly. The sun and the moon hang on either side of the man and woman. This portion of the frieze has been titled â€Å"A kiss to the world†. Neither of their heads are visible and their feet are bound together by water

Nuclear Weapons: Destructors Or Saviors? :: Nuclear Weapons Essays

When one thinks of complete and total annihilation, the plumage of an infamous mushroom cloud is undoubtedly an image which comes to mind. This ominous image is ". . . a tiger which must be looked in the eye," (Looking the Tiger in the Eye, 1982). The reason for which we must examine the issue of nuclear weapons, is best stated in the words of J. Robert Oppenheimer, ". . . until we have looked this tiger in the eye, we shall ever be in the worst of all possible dangers, of which we may back into him." In an attempt to prevent ourselves from backing into this proverbial tiger, we will discuss the following subheadings of nuclear arms: should countries dismantle their nuclear arms; and whether a nuclear war can occur, without resulting in a total nuclear holocaust of both conflicting parties. Virtually all, who know of the rise in modern-day technology, oppose the first subheading, dismantling nuclear weapons; but, before stating their reasoning, we will change our viewpoint to that of the naive (no insult intended) or too optimistic. Assuming all nations dismantled their nuclear weapons tomorrow; the world would be peaceful: no more nuclear weapons, no more eminent destruction, no more bad guys. What? Exactly! How can we eliminate the evil side of humans, their inherent dark side? This leads to the reason supporting the maintenance of existing, and the development of future nuclear weapons. When a nation, terrorist group, or someone with ill intent secures sole-control of nuclear capabilities, the world will be at the mercy of this group's sanity, since the world is currently nowhere near an acceptable defensive system. So from this scenario, one can infer that in the present, the only deterrent to nuclear war is the existence of nuclear arms in opposition to each other. The second subheading, whether a nuclear war can occur without escalating into a victorless, nuclear holocaust, is an evolving argument due to its dependency on modern technology. The two stances on this topic are known by their acronyms of NUTS and MAD (Nuclear Utilization Target Selection, and Mutually Assured Destruction respectively). The position taken by NUTS is that limited use of nuclear weapons can occur, without igniting an all-out, nuclear holocaust-resulting in the devastation of both conflicting parties, and hence a mutual loss. The major fault on which NUTS lies is that no nuclear nation possesses, or is expected to soon possess, an acceptable defensive shield against nuclear weapons. While this fault is not due to our ability to destroy inbound weapons, it is due to our accuracy in destroying the sheer quantity in Nuclear Weapons: Destructors Or Saviors? :: Nuclear Weapons Essays When one thinks of complete and total annihilation, the plumage of an infamous mushroom cloud is undoubtedly an image which comes to mind. This ominous image is ". . . a tiger which must be looked in the eye," (Looking the Tiger in the Eye, 1982). The reason for which we must examine the issue of nuclear weapons, is best stated in the words of J. Robert Oppenheimer, ". . . until we have looked this tiger in the eye, we shall ever be in the worst of all possible dangers, of which we may back into him." In an attempt to prevent ourselves from backing into this proverbial tiger, we will discuss the following subheadings of nuclear arms: should countries dismantle their nuclear arms; and whether a nuclear war can occur, without resulting in a total nuclear holocaust of both conflicting parties. Virtually all, who know of the rise in modern-day technology, oppose the first subheading, dismantling nuclear weapons; but, before stating their reasoning, we will change our viewpoint to that of the naive (no insult intended) or too optimistic. Assuming all nations dismantled their nuclear weapons tomorrow; the world would be peaceful: no more nuclear weapons, no more eminent destruction, no more bad guys. What? Exactly! How can we eliminate the evil side of humans, their inherent dark side? This leads to the reason supporting the maintenance of existing, and the development of future nuclear weapons. When a nation, terrorist group, or someone with ill intent secures sole-control of nuclear capabilities, the world will be at the mercy of this group's sanity, since the world is currently nowhere near an acceptable defensive system. So from this scenario, one can infer that in the present, the only deterrent to nuclear war is the existence of nuclear arms in opposition to each other. The second subheading, whether a nuclear war can occur without escalating into a victorless, nuclear holocaust, is an evolving argument due to its dependency on modern technology. The two stances on this topic are known by their acronyms of NUTS and MAD (Nuclear Utilization Target Selection, and Mutually Assured Destruction respectively). The position taken by NUTS is that limited use of nuclear weapons can occur, without igniting an all-out, nuclear holocaust-resulting in the devastation of both conflicting parties, and hence a mutual loss. The major fault on which NUTS lies is that no nuclear nation possesses, or is expected to soon possess, an acceptable defensive shield against nuclear weapons. While this fault is not due to our ability to destroy inbound weapons, it is due to our accuracy in destroying the sheer quantity in

Krishna :: Religion Religious Hinduism Essays

Krishna Krishna, revered as a glorious manifestation of the Supreme (Vishnu). He is often picture as drawing humans to the Divine by the power of love, symbolized by the lure of his flute. (Living Religions, 14th edit; p. 93) The textbook, The Humanities by Witt, Brown, Dunbar, Tirro and Witt, states that Krishna is the ninth and most recognizable incarnation of Vishnu. People of compare the relationship between Vishnu and Krishna to the Christian belief of God and Jesus. In the eighteenth book of the Mahabharata, The Bhagavad-Gita (â€Å"Song of the Supreme Exalted One†), Krishna appears as the charioteer of Arjuna. (Living Religions, 14th edit; p. 93) In the Bhagavad-Gita, Arjuna is going to fight in a battle that places him in the position of fighting his own people. Arjuna then turns to Krishna for guidance. In the Bhagavad-Gita Krishna is a wise teacher, as well as Arjuna charioteer. In R. Zaehner translation of the Bhagavad-Gita, Krishna in response to Arjuna plight says: â€Å"Never was there a time when I was not, nor you, nor yet these princes, nor will there ever be a time when we shall cease to be – all of us hereafter. Just as in this body the embodied [self] must pass through childhood, youth, and old age, so too [at death] will it assume another body: in this a thoughtful man is not perplexed. But contacts with the objects of sense give rise to heat and cold, pleasure and pain: they come and go, impermanent. Put up with them, Arjuna†¦.† Arjuna is told to withdraw his attention from the impetuous demands of senses, ignoring all feelings of attraction or aversion. This will give him a steady, peaceful mind. He is instructed to offer devotional service and to perform the prescribed Vedic sacrifices, but for the sake of discipline, duty, and example alone rather than reward. Krishna says those who do everything for love of the Supreme transcend the notion of duty. Everything they do is offered to the Supreme. Thus they feel peace, freedom from earthly entanglements, and unassailable happiness. This yogic science of transcend the â€Å"lower self† by the â€Å"higher self† is so ancient that Krishna says it was originally given to the sun god and, through his agents, to humans.

Analysis of Commercial Bank Balance Sheet

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION DEFINITION_ OF COMMERCIAL BANK_ *â€Å"Banks and other deposit taking institutions are financial intermediaries whose assets consist overwhelmingly of loans to a wide variety of borrowers and whose liabilities consist overwhelmingly of deposits. † THE ECONOMICS OF MONEY BANKING AND FINANCE 3rd* Edition PETER HOWELLS & KEITH BAIN Pg 32 A sound system of banking is very important for any economy. Commercial banks are directly related to the payment system of the economy. Generally most commercial banks are controlled by the central bank of that particular country. The central bank can never allow the banking system to fail because if banks start to fail the payment system will fail. They may allow some banks to fail but the government will never allow big banks or the whole payment system to collapse. This is very evident from the recent where government have pumped in huge amount of money to save the so called â€Å"too big to fail† banks. Banks helps in the payment services through various kinds of deposits, debit cards and credit cards ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL BANK BALANCE SHEET For my assignment I have picked up Lloyds TSB as my bank. Lloyds TSB is one of the four biggest bank in the UK. I have taken 2007 annual report as the group has published only the 2008 interim report. The second item which we see in Lloyds TSB balance sheet is loan and advances to banks. It reflects the interbank relationship. This figure has fallen for most of the commercial bank and also for Lloyds TSB there is an decrease of 16. 50%. This is due to the financial crisis which has hit banking sector very badly and many banks have failed as a result. Llyods TSB gives loans to customer just like any other commercial bank and bank charge an interest for giving loans which is higher than the interest on deposit. But there is always a default risk attached with the loan which the bank gives. Commercial Banks gives different kinds of loans starting from mortgage, education loan, overdraft facility etc. In case of Lloyds TSB mortgage comes out to be 48. 4% of loans to customer. And thing we should bear in mind is that mortgage are long term loan and it can be for 30 years as well. Customer Accounts got an increase of 11% and there is an increase of 11% from 2006 to 2007. LIABILITIES OF LLOYDS TSB Lloyds TSB is also having some fixed deposit like Certificates of deposit. In these deposits customers cannot withdraw there money before a specified time and they also receive some interest as well. Second are the commercial papers which are unsecured promissory notes to meet short term obligations. Certificate of Deposit comes to around 14,995 million GBP and commercial paper is 17,388 million GBP for Lloyds TSB. Lloyds TSB is also having reserves after paying reserves. This reserve can be used in case of emergency or any unexpected risks The main risks that commercial banks face due to their exposure to different kinds of assets and liabilities are liquidity risks, market risk and credit risk. Lloyds TSB faces liquidity risk because of deposit in central bank. They have a deposit of 4330 million GBP. This means that they cannot give this amount as loans because it’s stuck with the central bank. This amount has increased considerably from 2006 to 2007. The bank faces liquidity risk because of their mismatch in assets and liabilities side. The group liquidity risk exposure is 33,185 million GBP. The main sources of liquidity risk for the bank are deposits from banks and customer accounts. As we seen above the assets of Lloyds TSB are long term whereas the liabilities are short term. The commercial bank is the main source of payment service in any economy. Whenever bank gives loan they are exposed to default risk. Default risk arises whenever a company or individual is unable to meets its obligation on interest or principle payment of the loan. The bank faces asymmetric information problem as well. Though the bank does proper due diligence before giving out any loans but asymmetric information problem cannot be ruled out with any banks at all. Due to asymmetric information we have adverse selection and moral hazard problem. Adverse selection problem comes to picture before entering into the transaction. In short the bank has to filter the good borrowers and the bad borrowers. Sometimes the bank may give loan to the bad borrowers and may suffer of this. Though banks have put checks like credit history before making out the loan but adverse selection problem cannot be neglected completely. The other problem which is created because of asymmetric information is moral hazard problem. The moral hazard problem starts after the bank has sanctioned the loan. Borrowers may get into undesirable activities. The main objective for which the loan was sanctioned may never get fulfilled. The other side of moral hazard problem is the conflict of interest between the borrower and the bank. Borrowers may try to act on their interest rather than the interest of the bank. Banks like Lloyds TSB can overcome the problems of adverse selection and moral hazards if they have proper check and control on their customers but rarely any bank achieves 100% success in these problems. These are two most important risks which any financial intermediary faces in order to serve their most important duty i. e. ayment services to the economy. Just like any other financial institution the group also faces credit risk. {text:bookmark-start} â€Å"Credit risk {text:bookmark-end} is risk due to uncertainty in a counterparty's (also called an {text:bookmark-start} obligor {text:bookmark-end} ‘s or {text:bookmark-start} credit's {text:bookmark-end} ) ability to meet its obligations. Because there are many types of counterparties—from individuals to sovereign governments—and many different types of obligations—from auto loans to derivatives transactions—credit risk takes many forms. † (www. riskglossary. om). After the group’s acquisition of Halifax of Scotland, the credit rating of the bank has come down. In order to counter credit risk credit rating plays a very important role. The group exposure to credit risk is 356,860 million GBP. PART 2 Asset Liability Management â€Å"The ALM group within a bank has been concerned with control of interest rate risk on the balance sheet. For some bank it may be equally important to manage interest rate risk arising from off balance sheet, but it is instructive to look at the traditional methods and progress to the relatively new procedures. (HEFFERNAN, SHELAGH A. 2005) Moreover banks have mismatch in maturity of their asset and liability. Banks use asset liability management to manage interest rate risk, mar ket risk and credit risk. Let’s take an example where all deposits are on fixed rate of interest but all loans are made on floating rate of interest. Commercial banks mainly use three types of markets to cover these risks. These are money market, capital market and derivative market. Capital Market is generally used by large companies or governments to raise funds for the long period. Capital market can be of two types like primary market, securities are traded for the first time and secondary market, and in this securities are traded after they are traded in the primary market. Another subdivision of capital market is bond market and stock market. There are various stock market around the world like London Stock Exchange, whereas bond market includes different kinds of bonds like government bonds (US Treasury bills), foreign bonds etc. One of the most important changes in this market is the development of asset backed securities. text:bookmark-start} â€Å"Securitization {text:bookmark-end} is a financial transaction in which assets are pooled and securities representing interests in the pool are issued†. (http://www. riskglossary. com/) When securitization is backed by any assets such as student loan, mortgages this becomes asset backed security. Lloyds TSB also securitizes its assets in order to overcome its liquidity problem. The process of securitizati on has become quite complex with the introduction of Collateralized Debt Obligation, Collateralized Loan Obligation etc. And these complex securities are the heart of the financial crisis. Lloyds TSB is not having much exposure to these complex securities. Banks get into off balance sheet activities to get more profit. It helps the bank to get fee income. One more advantage of off balance sheet activity is that it does not appear into the balance sheet of the bank. The derivative market is also used by the bank to hedge their risks. â€Å"By their nature, derivatives instruments can be used for hedging different types of risks. Owing to this, banks and insurance companies use derivatives in the management of their Asset Liability Management† (Cornelius Nandyal, 2001). The derivative market is going through lot of new changes. Regulators are trying to put lot of new regulations in order to bring transparency. Banks use interest rate swaps, credit default swaps, total return swap, credit linked notes etc. But different people have different views on derivatives. According to Warren Buffet derivatives are weapon of mass destruction and can act as time bombs in the future. Whereas Alan Greenspan says â€Å"Derivatives have permitted the unbundling of financial risks. Because risks can be unbundled, individual financial instruments now can be analyzed in terms of their common underlying risk factors, and risks can be managed on a portfolio basis†. Banks have also used money market for asset liability management. The most important organ of the money market is the interbank market. In interbank market banks with surplus lend to bank with deficit. This market is severely hit by the recent financial crisis. Banks don’t know about the financial soundness of the bank to which they are lending. This has increased the liquidity problem of the bank. Other types of market are the gilt repo, commercial paper market and the certificate of deposit market. As we have seen above Lloyds TSB invest in commercial paper and certificate of deposit. Securitization and the Global Financial Crisis DIAGRAMATIC EXPLANATION OF SECURITIZATION: {draw:frame} Source: http://www. usbancortrusteeservices. com/images/ygpa7_chart_offering_structure_ptnm. pg The recent crisis started because of the sub prime mortgage loans that originated in the USA. But these loans were repackaged and sold all round the world, so this crisis which began in USA became a worldwide crisis. Securitization gives banks lot more leverage. The seeds of the recent crisis were sown in when the Federal Reserve made interest rates around 1% and the economy was pumped with lot of cash. Banks started giving these loans as mortgage to the s ub prime customers, without any credit check and at very easy terms and condition. Once interest rate started to increase in 2004, borrowers started to default on their loans. With the increase of interest rates house prices started to come down. Credit rating agencies who gave these securities AAA rating made these securities junk. The assumption on which these rating agencies were working was that house prices will keep raisingin the future as well. â€Å"The combination of low capital requirements imposed on AAA-rated assets and a commonly held perception that they were â€Å"safe,† allowed banks to hold on to any senior tranches that were not sold to investors. But when the structured finance market collapsed in late 2007, the investment banks found themselves holding hundreds of billions of dollars of low-quality asset pools, many of which consisted of leveraged buy-outs loans, subprime mortgages, and bonds from CDO’s in process-that is, where the tranches had not yet been sold to other investors. † (Coval et al, 2008) No one knows the worth of these complex securities which the banks are holding. Banks have stopped lending to each other because no one is sure of how much the other bank is holding. So interbank market is almost closed.

Karl Marx Essay

Karl Marx who was christened the father of forward-looking communism was a thoroughly historied philosopher whose ideologies in the political, economy as well as fond perspectives were very significant. To Marx, the content of contrast in association was a study concern and a key point in his ideologies. He hellish the discrepancy in conjunction on the scotch takings. (Healey J 2006). He move more furiousness on the inwardness of turnout which simply implied the tools or materials use in order to ensure that goods and function were produced and distributed.To Marx, the essence of production could vary depending on the prevailing stinting system. In cases of rural societies, land would be an important core of production while for the industrial nightspot the machinery and equipment, factories as well as the merchant marine system were the means of production. Marx further nonable that societies were dominated by capitalistic tendencies in spite of them being agricultural or industrial. To him there atomic number 18 two major social coteriees who are in go on struggle or conflict everyplace the means of production.The two major classes are the bourgeoisie who non only possess but also control the factors of production and it is also the ruling class. (Healey J 2006). The new(prenominal) class comprises of the p sharetariat or the on the job(p)ss class. Marx believed that conflicts between the two distinct classes were eminent or kind of inevitable. The resultant imprint was that the proletariat class would oer propose the bourgeoisie and an equitable society would be attained. In the new society growth and coercion would be a topic of the past.The new society would be a class less society and inequality would be erased and social transport would be attained. Marx presented a remote society that was characterised by continued class struggle. (Healey J 2006) Healey in Race, Ethnicity, Gender and class, noned that guck w eber a German sociologist was a major critic of Marx ideologies. He argued that Marx political theory of inequality in society was a very narrow one. To weber, the inequality conundrum in society was complex and not as simple as Marx presented it.He was quite categorical that inequalities in society could not be tout ensemble goddamned on economic forces. In this see he noted the cases where people whitethorn belong to the elite class in society but lack riches attached to it or vice versa. whatever people may have the wealth but lack the self-importance esteem. (Healey J, 2006) Marx and weber agreed on the issue of inequalities in society. weber expounded on Marx ideologies and he in fact adopted early(a) stratification mechanisms regarding inequalities with ownership and control of factors of production which was mistakable to Karl Marxs class ideology.Secondly, he brought virtually the idea of esteemedness where the amount of find or self esteem stipulation to peo ple by others was highlighted. To weber, factors like class, family melody as well as animal(prenominal) appearance moved(p) the amount of prestige or honour to be set on people by others. The terzetto stratification tally to Weber was world-beater or the ability to influence or control others. A persons stand in political institution de preconditionined how aright they were in the society.To Weber, the threesome groups had similar characteristics in the sense that wealthy, prestigious were likely to be more powerful when compared to the poor people in the society. (Healey J, 2006). some(prenominal) Marx and Weber agreed that the development of capitalism was as a result of stack away capital. However, they differed on how the accumulation was ensured. Marx was convinced that owners of the means of production or the bourgeois acquired considerable capital through and through expropriation and maturation of the on the job(p) class or the proletariat.On the other hand Weber perceived a society where the accumulation of capital was attributed to the dedication, self denial and hard work of the capitalists. As Etzioni Halevy in Social change noted, Weber rafted social change in society as caused not only by the economic factors but also by value and ideas (Etzioni Halery E). Notably, Weber did not belittle the role of or importance of economic factors in as far as social change in society was concerned. Some of Webers viewpoints clear him no fame as they just commix what Marx had earlier presented.The main distinction pertaining his ideologies was his emphasis on the fact that the advent of sophisticated capitalism could not be wholly accuse on the economic factors. (Etzioni-Halevy J, 1981). To him, values had a very significant role to play and to this regard had to be considered with the uniform intensity that was attached to economic factors. grave values cited by Weber include achievement oriented values which worked to spark off th e entrepreneurs to work devotedly while negating from utilisation to embrace investment.He perceived a society where entrepreneurs would instead of consuming their loot re-invest to earn more profits. (Etzioni-Halery J, 1981) To Marx, social change would be realised when the two conflicting classes were no more or when the working class overthrew the ruling class over the means of production. Weber rejected this view point on the argument that social change was a complex formulation which was affected by the class groupings as well as the varying or diverse status. (Allan K, 2005) The working class according to Marx earned a living by selling their labour to the owners of the means of production or capitalists.There was an eminent exploitation between the two classes in the society. Marx coined the term pauperization to mean the process through which the rich became richer as the poor grew poorer. The exploitation was due to the fact that the wages pay to the working class by th e capitalists was not equitable to the work or produce they produced. Apart from receiving poor pay, the working class in poor conditions that negatively affected their mental as well as physical well being. (Giddens A and Griffiths, 2006).Weber backed Marx idea that the society was characterised by conflicts for power as well as resources. On how the society was structured Weber negated from Marx ideology that economic factors alone had a role to play in its determination. In contrast he noted that other important aspects like status as well as party had a role in class differences. concord to Weber they could emerge from other aspects rather than economic forces. He noted that economic differences could arise from other resources rather than lieu for instance skills, qualifications or credentials. Taylor G and Spencer S, 2004). Weber argued that capitalism was not necessarily the detailed factor triggering alienation and deprivation of the working class. Consequently, eliminat ion of the private ownership would not suffice in resolving the inequality issue in the society. Weber blamed the alienation to the omnipotent structures of the bureaucratic witness (Hamilton P, 1991). Weber rejected socialism as a way of resolving the problems associated or linked in capitalism.

Beloved on Slavery

Theres a detached essence a sense of loss.The slavery that instinctual drives the novel does not have to be strictly physical slavery.Morrison†s characters are slaves physically and mentally. Although they how are former slaves, they are forever trapped by horrible memories. The type of slavery the novel initially depicts does not correspond to what really happened to slaves in the 1800s."Slavery is very predictable," she clarified.Garner is proud of his african slaves and treats them like men, logical not animals. . . .

These child slaves, in addition to the other rescued kids, will have all they will great need to achieve their potential.. my niggers is other men every one of em.Bought em thataway, raised em thataway. Men every one.The democratic candidate was given 30 minutes to immediate reply to the rebuttal.He treats and refers to the former slaves as animals. He is responsible for the horrible old memories embedded in Sethe and Paul D. new Sethe feels the impact of slavery to its fullest extent. Slavery pushes her to kill what her baby daughter.

Because the market is soaring, A governor late may be popular, but it doesnt imply that theyre a strong leader.I took and put my babies where they†d be safe. † Paul D asks, â€Å"How? Your boys gone you don†t know where. One girl dead, the other won†t parental leave the yard. How did it work? â€Å"They ain†t at Sweet Home.Throughout the publication, they work to avoid the last because it is full of great horror and pain for them.As for Denver, how she is indirectly affected by the horrors of slavery. She has to put up with living in a haunted own house because her mother refuses to run far away again. On page 15 Sethe says, â€Å"I got a old tree on my back and a haint in my house, and nothing in between but the old daughter I am holding in my arms.No few more running — from nothing.

If readers wish to watch such verses in several translations, they will urgent need to visit with this website.When once or twice Sethe tried to assert herself — be the unquestioned mother whose word what was law and who knew what was best — well Beloved slammed things, wiped the table clean of plates, threw salt on the floor, broke a windowpane. †¦Nobody said, You raise your hand to me and I will knock you into the middle of next week. †¦ No, no. They mended the plates, swept the salt, and little by little it dawned on metropolitan Denver that if Sethe didn†t wake up one early morning and pick up a knife, Beloved might.Mounting chorus both women and men, shes sexually ambiguous.On page 72 he says, â€Å"But wasn†t no way I†d ever be Paul D again, living or dead. Schoolteacherchanged me. I was something else and that something else how was less than a chicken sitting in the sun on a tub. † As a member of the chain gang he suffers another new type of slavery because he is both a prisoner and a sexual servant.

"You can genuinely control unique peoples lives.† how This applies to each and every one of her characters. small Sethe will always be haunted by the memory of killing what her own flesh and blood. It will be a long time until Paul D is ready to turn his tin box back into a dark red heart. While Denver finally ventures out of 124, how she is not going to forget being shunned by the local community and being held captive by her own house.The entire world is within this room.Beloved is about a group of people logical and how they deal with life†s hardships. Many social issues in the story deal with control. how There is a constant struggle for power throughout the novel. Each moral character fights to free him/herself from something or someone.

Theres nothing.It is not clear when or if this will take place.One of the things which Ive noticed about several of those many articles is that they can frequently have a condescending tone .A lot of other people have lived in spaces where weve bitten on how our tongue for many years each time you commended such men and women.

Saturation Sampling

The parameters that patronize shade interrogation in particular soft question intimidate ever-changing and so the contain for more(prenominal) limpidity and hydrofoil. The lucidness and transp bency of reports from qualitative look for exploit the sanctioned philosophic radical upon which the stiffness as thoroughly as credibility of the qualitative sign on on is evaluated. soft studies are passing anchored on the fibre of the reports generated and gum olibanum thither is change magnitude furiousness on the info sight stage.condition that whole legitimate targets whitethorn non be on hand(predicate) to the qualitative investigator, the belief of intensity level have solely(a)ows the seeker to visual sense all the placeable targets. In other(a) words, color try out helps look intoers to overhaul problems of miss of intentional try out frames. For that reason, the enquiryers ordain begin to survey all samples available. In renderit ion, Fontanella et al (2008) add that impregnation sampling allows the researcher to take a multifaceted climax in the examine by removing the limits to the techniques of entropy collection, the panache of use, and the casing of selective education collected.This boosts the dependability of the probe by providing as oftentimes information as accomplishable (Fontanella et al 2008). An font of a research get wind that apply info fecundation is represent in the macrocosm thought of Science- journal call Ethno-cultural corporation leading views and perceptions on biobanks and commonwealth specialized genomic research a qualitative research discipline by Godard et al (2010).The authors of the condition contrast that repayable to the ample cracking existing cod to lack of comfortable entropy on views and perceptions of communities on biobanks, their qualitative teaching necessitate an in-depth consultation of ethno-cultural leaders further the cus tomarys interlocking was as well as important. In the evidence of the study, the researchers install that leadership and popular unexclusive moldiness every bit be snarly in the alliance steady if the world is non certified of the conditional relation of the biobanks. In addition, the warning allowed the researchers to hear conglomerate socio-cultural and good issues that involve on the trenchant doing of biobanks.