Review of a Pathological Condition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Review of a Pathological Condition - Essay Example In this case, the most probable cause for these symptoms could be uncontrolled diabetes mellitus or/and other long standing endocrine disorders therefore co-morbidities, leading to complications or death due to not being treated appropriately. The review of these pathological conditions, are presented by discussing categories of common causes of symptoms and disease progression, most susceptible individuals, utilising diagnostic imaging procedures for treatment and prognosis. Causes of the symptoms Genetics, environmental factors, poor diet, obesity, medications, infections and sedentary lifestyle have been cited by Chapman and Nakielny (2009) and William and Christine (2005) as some of the possible causes of diabetes as indicated in Richard and Neil (2007). Diabetics require strict dietary control to minimise the impact on lifestyle, as observed by Launer (2009) as the body fails to produce or utilise insulin properly. The islets of Langerhans of the pancreas contain four types of c ells, but two cells, alpha cells producing glucagon, which opposes insulin and beta cells responsible for producing insulin (Scobie, 2007). In Type 1 diabetes, there is a lack of insulin with only glucagon present inducing hyperglycemia. With the absence of insulin to absorb glucose in the bloodstream to metabolise complex sugars, glucose levels in the body increases leading to uncontrolled diabetes with hyperglycemia affecting the kidneys. The abnormal structural condition of this individual with a plethora of signs and symptoms, i.e., diabetes, fatigue, an insufficiency fracture of the femoral neck, oliguria and pruritus, all indicating uncontrolled diabetes leading to renal failure attributing to calcium/mineral abnormalities and toxicity in the body. Parathyroid disorders may also exacerbate the condition if this is present or initiated through renal failure. Disease Progression Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases with characteristic hyperglycemia associated with defects i n insulin secretion, insulin action, or both (Launer, 2009). Type 1 diabetes is characterized by beta cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency. Type 2 diabetes on the other hand presents as a spectrum of metabolic abnormalities with prominent insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency (William and Christine, 2005). The effect of diabetes is not limited to carbohydrate metabolism, but lipid and protein metabolism play an important role in its progression as noted by Launer (2009). Diabetic progression is initiated through numerous metabolic events that occur over a period of years. Repeated hyperglycemic attacks or chronic hyperglycemia, results in damage to other organs such as the kidneys leading to other complications or death. Hyperglycemia affects the kidneys causing diabetic nephropathy and glomerular filtration reduction. This result in the following manifestations: uncontrolled diabetes causing renal failure, resulting in oliguria, pruritus, fa tigue and insufficiency fractures. It is a chain effect. Controlling metabolic events make it possible to slow or stop the progression of the disease. There are three main types of diabetes. The symptoms are similar although there are differences in the way they develop. In Type 1 diabetes, the signs and symptoms are usually very obvious and can develop

That Time Of The Year Essay Example for Free

That Time Of The Year Essay The Turning point: the poem is addressed to Mr. W. H. and it is   a Shakesperean   sonnet. A sonnet is a lyric poem of 14 lines with a   formal rhyme scheme, expressing different aspects of a simple thought, mood or feeling, resolved or summed up in the last lines of the poem. The English sonnet is divided into three quartrain, each rhymed differently with a final independently rhymed couplet that makes an effective unifying climax to the wholea b a b, c d c d, e f e f, gg .   True to the Shakesperean tradition this sonnet too has three quartrains . The first one portrays   late autumn or early winter. It portrays a   dull, cheerless and gloomy landscape- leafless and bare trees, withered and yellowed leaves, branches of trees deprived of   all the usual music since the chorus of birds has   flown away. The poet compares himself with this cheerless landscape and seems to lament the departed glory and happiness of his   life. Similarly, in the second stanza the poet equates himself to a twilight which in its wake will bring about a dark, silent and long night full of deathlike chill. The third quartrain portrays another gloomy scene—afire getting choked to death under the wait of its own ashes Three quartrains and each one of them, sad gloomy and pessimistic. In which we discover the poet wallowing in self –pity, indulging in vain regrets..:- But the last couplet of the poem ushers in cheer, mirth, joy and happiness. into the scene.and that is the change our discussion is all about.The poet’s mood is totally transformed. Despair and despondency give way to a vibrant otimism. He feels convinced that his failing health and decadent body could not remain unnoticed by his loved one. When he comes to know that the moment of final goodbye was fast approaching, he would keep everything and everybody aside and cocentrate on him and him only. It would be a blessing in disguise and make the ties of his love even stronger.

Cancer Essay -- essays research papers fc

Cancer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Right now, cancer is one of the most feared diseases in the world. In the early 1990s almost 6 million new cancer cases developed and more than 4 million deaths from cancers occurred. Also more than one-fifth of all deaths were caused by cancer and it has been predicted, by the American Cancer Society, that about 33% of Americans will eventually develop this disease. This is a huge disease that is killing people all over the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The field of cancer study is called Oncology. The government has spent billions of dollars on research of this fatal disease. Cancer is the most aggressive disease of a larger class known as neoplasms. Neoplasms do not fully comply with the parts of the cell that control the growth and functions of the cell. These cells eventually become abnormal growths and can be recognized as not normal tissue. These traits are passed down as the cell reproduces therefore spreading the cancer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Neoplasms are generally classified into two groups: malignant and benign. Malignant tumors, or abnormal tissue, grow more rapidly than benign tissue and they invade normal tissue. Benign tissue is structured similar to normal tissue while malignant tissue is abnormal and has an unstructured appearance. Of greater importance, benign tissue does not metastasize, or begin to grow in other sites, like malignant tumors do. Cancer always refers to metastasized tumors but the term tumor is not always necessarily cancer. A tumor is any living tissue that is distinguishable as abnormal living tissue. After a cancer forms, it can also change from a benign to a malignant state, therefore making the cell grow at a more rapid rate. The development of the cell starts when it forms notable abnormalities in chromosomes and then multiplies exceedingly. Then metastasis usually occurs and generally causes the death of the host. There are many different cancers which form on just about all parts of the body. In the US, skin cancer is the most common cancer, then prostate cancers in males, and then breast cancer in women. Leukemia is clearly the dominant cancer in children. The number one killing cancer in the world today is lung cancer, mostly caused by the smoking of cigarettes. Some researchers have stated that if Americans stopped smoking, lung-cancer deaths could disintegrate within two decades. Stomach cancer is ... ...e cancerous legions in the body. The second is radiation therapy, which uses radiation to try and kill the tumor. One of the main problems with that is not only does it kill cancerous tissue, it also kills healthy ones. The third way to treat cancer is chemotherapy, which is treatment by chemical agents. The chance of complete cure is not common but it is usually used to increase the life of the carrier. The desired effect of treatment in cancer patients is remission, where the cancer is gone from your body and if it does not return within 5 years it is considered cured.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Right now the government is spending huge sums of money on cancer research. They are continuously finding cures and finding better ways to treat and deal with cancer. Research has come very far and helped many people fight cancers. Thanks to all the work done, cancer is still a dreaded disease but is now curable which gives many people faith in recovery. Bibliography Compton’s Encyclopedia(1992). Cancer . Chicago: Compton’s Learning Company Encyclopedia Britannica(1992). Cancer. Chicago: Encyclopedia Brittanica, Inc. American Cancer Society website(1996): http://www.cancer.org/acs.html

Personal Influence Model, Intercultural Communication

1. 0 Literature Review 1. 1 Personal Influence Model Public Relations Practitioners in Chinese society lead by traditional value especially confucism. (Yi-Hui Huang, â€Å"The Personal Influence Model and Gao Guanxi in Taiwan Chinese Public Relation†,28th Dec 2010 Confucism ) emphasize five cardinal Relations(wulun). Yi-Hui Huang stated the unhealthy situation, where people can use own personal influence (Guanxi) major and favour ( mianzi and renqing ) to to reach a shortcut coorperation.This will causes the lost of human resource in community, where people who have the ability may not contribute due to the imperfectness of managing public relationship, and not being treated fairly. However, Gupta, Chandi and Barlett, Jennifer L. 2007 mention this hierarchical system is to reduce conflict between people, it’s managed by establishing guanxi and giving mianzi reciprocally, and is often establish through determining commonalities between the parties and giving mutual respe ct to each other.Palanca in Mexico and throughout Latin America, for example, dictates how personal networks function. Such interpersonal networking focuses more on trust, less on legal systems, more on relationships, and less on principles, which is more on 1. 2 Intercultural Communication Intercultural communication affect the models of publics relations as the different culture will affect the way of public relation practitioner do their job. (R. S Zahara, American University, 2001) Example, ‘Intercultural harmony’ communication campaigns such as â€Å"Merdeka Day† is always practice in Malaysia and Singapore.Being big companies, especially multi-national companies, public relation practitioners need to understand different kind of culture. Cultural sensitive will seriously affect the business that’s why PR practitioners should know about situational issues within an external environment. ( Zulhamri Abdullah, 2007) 1. 3 International Public Relations Di fferent countries practices different cultures therefore PR practitioners from different countries have their own ways of working things out when it comes to using PR strategies. Basically, different aspects in the countries uch as its economic system, political ideology level of activism and the media culture will affect their PR practitioners in the country. Besides these aspects. The country technology’s development such as the satellite communication and so on also affects the way they do PR. (R. S Zahara, 2001) Reference Zuhamri Abdullah, ‘Towards international cultural diversity management of public relation. 1(2):285-299(2007),department of communtication, faculty of modern language and communication, University Putra Malaysia’ Timothy L.Howard, Carol AnnHackley,Qingwen Dong, ‘The Impact of Palanca in shaping Mexico Public Relation,2009 Gupta, Chandhi and Barlette, Jennifer L. (2007) Guanxi,astrology and symmetry: Asian business and its impact on pub lic relation practice. Asia Pacific Public Relation Journal, 8(1). Yi-Hui Huang,(2000) ‘The Personal Influence Model and Gao Guanxi in Taiwan Chinese Public Relations’. Public Relations Review,26(2):219-236,Elsevier Science Inc. Krishnamurthy Sriramesh,(2001) International public relations :A framework for future research. Journal of Communication Management, Henry Stewart Publications.

Poverty in America Essay

Poverty is an epidemic that has swept the American nation many times over. Whether it be quietly lingering under the surface, or blatantly staring us in the face as it is in this current recession, it affects people across America on individual, community and national levels alike. While there are many causes and effects of poverty, it is important to view the issue of poverty and its causes from all angles when one seeks to tackle the problem. These factors include socio-economic status, mental illness, family values and work ethics, to name a few. In this essay, I will be examining these factors as they are discussed in the book, The Glass Castle by Jeanette Walls (referred to as Glass Castle throughout essay), as well as in the article Poverty in America from the Congressional Digest, December 2010 (referred to as Census throughout the essay). When children are born into poverty, it is the only life they know. They often grow up to either see life from the viewpoint of, â€Å"that’s just the way it is,† or become determined to better their status when they are old enough to do so. Children don’t often realize they live in poverty until they are told by their peers, such as when they are called poor and see people taking pity on them or make fun of them. They may also realize they are different when they are exposed to what other people have and realize that they have much less. As noted in Poverty in America, poverty level, in itself, is merely based on an income deficit, whereas one’s household receives less money than another; it also relates to the standard of living (Census, pg. 300). When one has less income, less things are afforded, however living within those means will often create or hide the barrier that is poverty. While one family may learn to utilize their resources effectively and appropriate funds where they belong, another will attempt to make fast money such as through crime or gambling. As in the story of the Glass Castle, the father spends the money the family has on gambling, sometimes paying off and spending the money on lavish dinners out and treats; other times they are deeper in poverty since gambling funds are not the most stable income (Glass Castle, p. Living in Las Vegas). Addictions and mental illness have impacted the nation and led many families into poverty. While not directly discussed in the article, it may be  presumed that these issues play a role in keeping people from holding jobs, working full time and gain the skills necessary to find gainful employment. The article cites work experience and less-than-full-time workers as being affected by increased poverty rates, especially in this recent economic downturn. Additionally, whereas it was normal for a single mother to stay home and care for her children in the 1950’s when the poverty census was first started, it is expected now for single parents to work and better their economic status for the well-being of their family. With the costs of daycare and living skyrocketing since the 50’s, women sometimes seek easier means of making money and still staying at home, including prostitution and drug dealing. Many of these women were also sexually abused and preyed upon because of th eir economic status and other issues affecting their childhood, which may lead to substance abuse in adolescence and early adulthood. Sexual abuse was a prominent theme in the Glass Castle, as the parents were very hands-off and flighty, leaving the children exposed to predators and even victim to family members. While Jeanette’s parents felt that the children will only become stronger by facing hardship, these factors will often cause self-esteem, trauma, depression and anxiety in children who grow up into alcohol and drug abusing adults; this may also begin the poverty cycle for generations to come. The cycle of poverty being exacerbated by drug and alcohol use is first noted in the Glass Castle with insight into Rex’s drinking problems. While he has attempts at periods of sobriety, he always returns to the bottle. It is apparent that he has dreams of grandeur, always telling the children that they will one day live in a glass castle, going so far as to build blueprints. He is a self-proclaimed inventor and thinks very highly of his skills and self, but is constantly losing jobs and sweeping the family away to avoid the law. While he has the emotional support of his family, he is battling his own demons of feeling like a failure, leading him to steal his wife’s money, gamble profusely and even takes steps toward selling his own daughter for a quick buck (Glass Castle, pg. rex takes to bar to play pool, win money back). He also seeks the comfort of a prostitute, probably to have the company of someone who makes him feel better about himself (Glass Castle, pg. Brian tells Jeanette about reading comic while Rex/Ginger were  in hotel). It’s also interesting to examine the impact of the sexual abuse Rex may have been exposed to as a child by his mother, which could have been the start to his cycle of living in a dream-world, using alcohol and low self-esteem (pg. when they tell Rex Erma tried to molest Brian and wonder if he was abused). Beyond addiction issues, mental health problems were also a focus of the Glass Castle, as it appears that Mary was, deep inside, a solid person with a good family upbringing, an education and was probably capable of being a good mother. Unfortunately, she was an â€Å"excitement addict† (Glass Castle, pg. inherited house in phoenix) and even gave up her teaching job to be an artist (Glass Castle, p. Mary returns from Bluefield), even though her children were starving. She also followed her husband through all of these adventures, partaking in all the excitement and neglect/abuse of the children, seemingly oblivious to any wrongdoing. Following the periods of excitement addiction, she would have depressed moods, staying in bed and complaining of the burden of raising a family and missing out on her chance to be an artist (Glass Castle, p. when they find diamond ring). It would appear to me that, while Mary has her times of trying to do what’s best for her family, she may be suffering from a mental illness, such as bipolar disorder, making choices that are mostly selfish to fulfill her fun and excitement; she also makes very poor financial choices for her family, such as not selling the million-dollar property to feed her family (Glass Castle, pg. Mary wants to borrow money from Eric to buy adjacent land) and not using money from work to stick with a budget so that food and indoor plumbing and coal can be bought (Glass Castle, pg. Mary is teaching and Lori and Jeanette make a budget and ask to hold money). In addition, mental illness is often thought to be genetic, with some syndromes passing through generations. While most of the children in the Walls family eventually become successful adults with seemingly normal lives, Maureen adapts some of the characteristics of her parents, ultimately ending up living a bizarre life of chasing cults a nd getting locked up in a state hospital (Glass Castle, p. Maureen stabs Mary). Family values play a large role in bringing, and keeping, people in poverty; especially families. Although there have been separate social classes throughout history, values and work ethics are two factors that can change over time and create a different outcome of values and ethics. Through the article, the reader learns that recessions have caused disparities at different levels since the census began recording this material in 1959 (Census, p. 298). While each recession has differed slightly, the length and severity of increased poverty has happened in different extents, leading one to believe that the values/ethics of the time may be affecting how people handle changes in their economic situations; how families handle ongoing poverty over generations will also determine the overall success of that family coming out of poverty or remaining in it. The work ethics and values were definitely confused throughout the Glass Castle, with Rex having a history of serving in the Air Force and Mary being educated in teaching and falling back on that from time to time, barely keeping the metaphoric family head above water. There is also question about the values that are being taught to the children; where one parent proclaims to be a devout catholic that doesn’t attend church or follow the commandments and another parent despises and puts down the religion. Other family values that the children are exposed to include shoplifting (Glass Castle, p. where they steal dresses and get caught) and stealing from the bank (Glass Castle, p. where dad and mom are stealing money), as well as stealing lunches at school and dumpster diving; all of this yet Mary refuses to even consider government aid when the idea is mentioned, presenting herself as better than that. Also, family traditions that the children see other people participating are often ruined (Glass Castle, p. where dad lights tree on fire) and the family learns to deal with it by just understanding there is nothing they can do. Hope still remains for those in poverty. We know that, economically, everything that goes up must come down, and when it comes to the economy, the opposite is likely to occur as well. As the Census shows us on p. 298, while poverty levels have dropped and risen over the past five decades, they do resume along with the economy and each person in poverty still has a chance at changing their situation if they work hard enough. The coping  skills that people learn when they live a life of poverty to effectively live within their means prioritize can make or break the future options they have before them. As the Walls children show us, one can change their future when they put their mind to it. The children lived through so many experiences of suffering and neglect, and were always trying to help their parents get it together so they could have a better life. While the children learned to cope with their parent’s ways, they also were intelligent and ambitious, and having been taught to dream, they were able to imagine a better future and a higher standard of living. While poverty has been an ongoing issue, there are many causes and facto s associated with this social construct, and many ways to overcome it. In this essay, which combined poverty information from the 2010 Census and the book, The Glass Castle by Jeannette Walls, the effects of mental illness, addiction, family values and work ethics on poverty were discussed and examined. The overall conclusion of this writer would be that poverty can be overcome as long as individuals are willing to help themselves and their dep endents and overcome the obstacles that they face in order to create a better outcome. References 1.Congressional Digest (December, 2010). Poverty in America: Census Population Report. Retrieved April 1, 2011 from www.congressionaldigestdebates.com. 2.Walls, J. (2005) The Glass Castle: A Memoir. New York, Simon & Schuster.

Anglicism and Pseudo Anglicism in Germany

Anglicism and Pseudo Anglicism in Germany Anglicism, Pseudo-Anglicism, and Denglisch-lass Deutsch talken, dude! Just like in many other parts of the world, the Anglo-American impact on culture and daily life can also be witnessed in Germany. Movies, games, and music are mostly of American origin, but not only  are entertainment and media influenced by it but also the language. In Germany, this influence becomes obvious in many cases. Scientists of the University of Bamberg have found out that the use of Anglicisms in Germany has increased more and more over the last twenty years; talking about substantives, it has even doubled. Of course, this is not only the fault of Coca-Cola or The Warner Brothers but also an effect of the dominance of the English language as a way to communicate with the whole world. That is why many English words have made it into everyday use in Germany and within the German language. They are not all the same; some are just lent,  and others are completely made up. Its  time to take a closer look at Anglicism, pseudo-Anglicism, and Denglisch.   Lets first face the difference between Anglicisms and Denglisch. The  first one means just those words which were adopted from the English language, most of them meaning things, phenomena, or anything else without a German expression for it - or at least with no expression that is really used. Sometimes, this can be useful,  but sometimes, it is just excessive. For example, there are plenty of German words, but people just want to sound interesting by using English ones instead. That would be called Denglisch. Digital world Examples for Anglicisms in German can easily be found in the world of computers and electronics. Whereas in the 1980s, mostly German words were commonly  used to describe digital issues, today, most people use English equivalents. An example is the word Platine, meaning (circuit) board. Another one is the rather silly sounding expression Klammeraffe, a German word for the at  sign. Besides the digital world, you could also mention Rollbrett for skateboard. By the way, nationalists or even national socialists in Germany often refuse to use English words, even if they are really common. Instead, they use German equivalents nobody would ever use like Weltnetz instead of Internet or even Weltnetz-Seite (Website). Not only  does the digital world brings many new anglicisms to Germany, but also, business-related topics are more and more likely to be described in English than in German. Because of globalization, many companies think it makes them sound more international if they use E nglish expressions instead of German ones. It is rather common in many companies today to call the Boss  the CEO - an expression that was widely unknown twenty years ago. Many use titles like that for the whole staff. By the way, staff is also an example of an English word replacing a traditional German one - Belegschaft. English assimilation While substantives are rather easy to integrate into the German language, it gets a bit more difficult and also confusing when it comes to verbs. With the German language having rather complex grammar compared to English, it becomes necessary to conjugate them in everyday use. Thats where it becomes weird. Ich habe gechillt (I chilled) is just an everyday example of an Anglicism being used just like a German verb. Especially among young people, speech  patterns like this can often be heard. The language of the youth leads us to another similar phenomenon: translating English words or phrases word by word into German, making a calque. Many German words have English origins nobody would notice at first sight. Wolkenkratzer is just the German equivalent of skyscraper (though meaning cloud-scraper). Not only single words but also whole phrases have been translated and adopted, and they sometimes even replace the correct expression that also exists in German. Saying Das macht Sinn, mean ing That makes sense, is common, but it  just doesnt make sense at all. The right expression would be Das hat Sinn or Das ergibt Sinn. Nevertheless, the first one is silently replacing the others. However, sometimes, this phenomenon is even by intention. The verb gesichtspalmieren, mainly used by young Germans, doesnt really make sense to those who dont know the meaning of face palm - it is just a word-for-word translation into German. However, as a native  English speaker, the  German  language gets confusing when it comes to pseudo-anglicisms. Many  of  them  are  in use, and they all have one thing in common: They sound English, but they were made up by Germans, mostly because somebody wanted something to sound more international. Good examples are Handy, meaning cell phone, a beamer, meaning video projector, and Oldtimer, meaning classic car. Sometimes, this can also lead to embarrassing misunderstandings, for example, if some German tells you he or she is working as a Streetworker, meaning he  or  she is dealing with homeless  people or drug  addicts and doesnt know that it originally described a street prostitute. Sometimes, it can be useful to loan words from other languages, and  sometimes it just sounds silly. German is a beautiful language that can describe almost everything precisely and doesnt need to be replaced by another one - what do you think? Are anglicisms enriching  or unnecessary?

Summary And Analysis of Miss Brill †Literature Essay

Summary And Analysis of Miss Brill – Literature Essay Free Online Research Papers Summary And Analysis of Miss Brill Literature Essay The protagonists of two stories constantly face the challenge of isolation. Miss Brill in Katherine Mansfields Miss Brill and Zoe in Lorrie Moores Youre Ugly Too both face a similar circumstance of isolation, but both women deal with their isolation in very different ways. The protagonists of Miss Brill and Youre Ugly Too share common occurrences related to their isolation. Both women are educators that are displaced from their place of origin: Miss Brill teaches English in France but is originally from New Zealand, and Zoe Hendricks is a history teacher in rural Illinois originally from the Northeast United States. Neither Miss Brill nor Zoe are able to build any kind of meaningful relationships with their students or peers. It is ambiguously illustrated in Miss Brill that Miss Brill does not relate to her students: She had a queer, shy feeling at telling her English pupils how she spent her Sunday afternoons (137). It is more directly stated how Zoe relates to her students. Once she had pampered her students, singing theme songs, letting them call her at home, even, and ask personal questions. Now she was losing sympathy. They were beginning to seem different (306) It is only implied in Miss Brill that the protagonist does not have any close friends, as all of her activities are done alone and with great attention to self. For Zoe, however, it is made very clear that she has no meaningful relationships. She had gone out on dates with local men, but they all ended in astrangement as she came teo realize that all men, deep down, wanted Heidi, (308) the ideal woman. The isolation caused by displacement and the lack of connection with the locals is the basis for isolation that both characters share, but the manner in how each character copes with isolation is completely different. Miss Brill copes with her isolation by completely deluding herself and ignoring that she is isolated. Every Sunday, Mis Brill emerges from her room like a cupboard (138) to involve herself in as many lives as she possibly can. Miss Brills routine involves her strolling through the Jardins Publiques, listening to the band that plays under the gazebo, watching people, eavesdropping, and returning home after buying an almond cake. Miss Brills primary activity on these Sunday walks is eavesdropping on people, as she had become really quite expert, she thought, at litening as though she didnt listen, at sitting in other peoples lives just for a minute while they talked around her (135). The only contact Miss Brill has with people besides her pupils is through eavesdropping. Though there is no communication directly to the individuals she observes, Miss Brill convinces herself that she has a significant relationship with them. To Miss Brill, it was exactly like a play They were all on stag e. They werent only the audience, not only looking on; they were acting. Even she had a part and came every Sunday. No doubt somebody would have noticed if she hadnt been there; she was part of the performance after all (137) . This is the essence of Miss Brills delusion. There is absolutely no meaningful contact with the people she is actually very detached from, but she convinces herslef that she is an important feature in their lives. Miss Brill not only ignores her isolation, but she creates an escapist fantasy to validate her life. Zoe Hendricks copes with her isolation in a very different manner. She is keenly aware of her isolation, as she realized that she lived for the mail, for the postman, for the handsome blue jay She also watched television until all hours and had her set in the bedroom, a bad sign (307) She repeated Zoe is very confrontational with her isolation and uses her sense of humor to make light of the situation. Unlike Miss Brill, she is very aware how detached she is from her surrounding world. Her classroom behavior is an important illustration of the way she uses humor to cope with her detachment. A student once asked her what perfume she was wearing, and Zoe replied room freshener (305) Another time, she skipped into her lecture hall singing Getting to Know You both verses (304-305). Living in Illinois makes [her] sarcastic to be here (305). Zoe is completely detached from her students, acting like [her opinion is worth more than everbody elses in the class (306). Zoe had involved herslf in three romantic relationships since coming to Illinois. Each time, when Zoe realized that she had nothing in common with her suitors, she escaped from them by using humor to sabotage the relationship. Once, during a double date, Zoe told an absurd story about a talking dog. After that date, the man she was dating never called again. When Zoe is at her sisters Halloween party, she has a conversation with a man that her sister arranged for her to meet. When Zoe realizes that she does not want to have anything to do with this man, she pushes him away. Her final act of pushing Earl against the balcony railing is little more than a physical manifestation of what she had been doing to him the entire evening through dialogue: pushing him, pushing him, and pushing him some more until he metaphorically and literally has no place left to go (White). Zoe cannot connect with her students, and she cannot connect with men she dates. Still, she is aware of her isolation and confronts it, howeve r unsuccessful. In effect, Hendricks is a character who suffers from loneliness but does not have the communication or social skills to escape that state, a predicament that is, of course, self-generating: the more she fails to communicate, the lonelier she gets (White). Neither Mansfields Miss Brill nor Moores Zoe Hendricks can escape their isolation that is caused by similar circumstances: Both women, displaced from their place of origin, find themselves in a plae where they cannot connect to their students nor to their peers. The circumstances are the same, but the women cope with isolation in opposite ways. Miss Brill creates a delusion that she is an important part of the lives of the people she observes. She is completely unaware of how others view her until she has an epiphany at the end of the story. Zoe, on the other hand, is well aware of how she is viewed and copes with her isolation in a very confrontational way. In effect, she magnifies the cause for her isolation by using humor and sarcasm to distance her students and peers from her. Thesis Statement: Miss Brill in Katherine Mansfields Miss Brill and Zoe in Lorrie Moores Youre Ugly Too both face a similar circumstance of isolation, but both women deal with their isolation in very different ways I. There are similarities between the two characters. A. Both women are displaced from their place of origin Miss Brill lives in France and is originally from New Zealand, and Zoe Hendricks lives in Illinois but is originally from Maryland. B. Both women are teachers and cannot connect with their students C. Neither women form or sustain any meaningful personal relationships. II. Miss Brill deals with isolation by deluding herself A. She eavesdrops on people in the park and comes to believe that she has a place in their lives B. She believes that everyone is acting on stage and that she is an integral part of the performance. C. Miss Brill is initially unaware of her detachment from her students. III. Zoe Hendricks deals with her isolation by using sarcasm and humor to magnify her isolation A. Zoe is very aware that she is detached from her students and peers. B. She does not have anything in common with her students so she takes an aloof, sarcastic attitude in the classroom. C. She ends her romantic relationships by sabotaging them with humor. Mansfield, Katherine. Miss Brill Perrines Story and Structure Ed. Thomas R. Arp and Greg Johnson. 10th edition. Boston: Thomson Heinle, 2002. Moore, Lorrie. Youre Ugly, Too Perrines Story and Structure Ed. Thomas R. Arp and Greg Johnson. 10th edition. Boston: Thomson Heinle, 2002. White, Mark. Critical Essay On Youre Ugly, Too'. Short Stories for Students, Vol. 19, Gale, 2004. Literature Resource Center. Gale. Citrus College Lib., Glendora, CA. 8 Nov. 2003 Research Papers on Summary And Analysis of Miss Brill - Literature EssayStandardized TestingThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsThree Concepts of PsychodynamicHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyHip-Hop is ArtInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2The Spring and Autumn

How to Do Research Paper Writing. Outline and Examples.

How to Do Research Paper Writing. Outline and Examples. Here is the complete information about the research paper writing. What Is a Research Paper? A research paper is the culmination product of an involved process of critical thinking, research, organization, composition and source evaluation. In other words, it is an extended essay that presents your own interpretation or argument or evaluation of the information you discover with absolute documentation of the sources. When writing a research paper, you build your thought about the question and make a purposeful attempt to find out what experts write or know. Have your hands full with urgent tasks? No stress anymore!  Ã‚  is ready to  make your college life easier. Here well tell you how to write a research paper and offer you a list of research paper topics. But if you wish to have your research paper written by our professional writers, place an order. Research Paper Outline Most courses in the university involve some extended writing assignments, often in the form of a research paper. The papers always require a student to identify a broad area of research related to the course. Becoming an experienced researcher in any field takes a great deal of practice. Remember, even the most seasoned academic writers had to learn how to write a research paper at a given time of their career. Here is the basic research paper outline: Research Paper Title Page The title should tell the reader what to expect in your research paper, addressing keywords that will be used in the literature review. It must include the author(s): full name and affiliation for persons who might have questions about the research. Research Paper Abstract The abstract is used by readers to quickly review the overall content of your research paper. It should provide a complete synopsis of the research paper, introduce the topics and specific research questions. It must provide a statement regarding the methodology and the general statement about the finding and results. It is often written last because it is the summary of the whole research paper. Research Paper Introduction It introduces the overall topic and provides the basic background information. Introduction narrows down the research questions relating to your study. It either gives the focus and purpose for the rest of your research paper or sets up the entire justification for the research paper. Research Paper Methods This section describes the methodology and research design used to complete the study. For instance, you should provide the context and setting of the study, population if applicable, specify the study design, identify the main study variables, sampling strategy, outline analysis methods and data collection procedures and instruments. Research Paper Results What did you find? This section focuses only on results that are related to your research question, and not their significance. However, the results presented will depend on whether the study was qualitative or quantitative. Tables and graphs should only be used when you have too much data that cannot be efficiently included within the text. Research Paper Discussion Give information that interprets your results like the main finding of the study, strengths, and limitation of the results, practice and policy implications of the results. The hypothesis should be to give the answers as validated by your interpretation of the results. It should also discuss how your findings relate to the previous research. Research Paper  Conclusions Do not mention the discussion or the data. State inferences, hunches or speculation and offer the perceptions of future work. References/Bibliography Here, you ensure you cite all the references made in your paper to other sources of information and research studies. This should be laid out according to the specified format, including APA, MLA, Chicago, Oxford and other formats as directed by your professor. Check out our FREE APA REFERENCING TOOL How to Write a Successful Research Paper A research paper is your thought on a given topic, informed by the research you have done. It is a daunting process for both new and experienced writers alike. Here is our step by step guide to help you keep focused down to the path of a successful research paper. 1. Getting started.  Sit down with your computer and identify tasks and build a schedule. Identify the milestone for all steps involved in research and writing process. Check your final due date, and take some time to scheme the task ahead of you before you get started. Ensure you understand your assignment: type, research paper format, and length. 2. Select a topic.  The topic of the research paper is what you want to write about. Narrow the topic by reading the background articles on general references, the internet, magazine, encyclopedia or talk to your professor and peers, while jotting down main ideas. 3.  Set your objective.  Before you start your research, you need to compose a thesis statement, which describes your viewpoint concerning the research. Because your aim is to prove the validity of your thesis, your thesis statement offers a controlling idea that will enable you to choose the resource materials and limit your note taking. 4. Research and  take notes.  List the potential sources of information. Apart from the card catalog and guides for reference books, there are other important sources that can help you locate books and articles relevant to your topic. Often look for unique sources that can distinguish and strengthen your paper. 5. Create an outline for a research paper.  Your outline should reflect the organization format you have selected for your paper, depending on the topic and the thesis statement. It is a process of organizing your thoughts to help you write your research paper. Consider what points you will include, the introduction, the order of the points and how you plan to conclude. 6. Write the draft.  After you have completed creating the outline for a research paper, you can begin to write your draft. At this point, you need not worry about the grammar, spelling, typos, and style. Instead, you should concentrate on content based on your outline. It only consists of three parts: introduction, body, and conclusion. 7. Edit your paper.  When you are through with the draft, edit it, paying close attention to the organization and content of the paper. Is each idea supported by evidence? Do the paragraphs have topic sentences that relate to your thesis? Are there clear transitions in one paragraph to the other? Let your paper ideas or arguments support the research and structure. 8. Bibliography and citations.  Give credit to the sources of ideas, facts, and quotations that have included in your research paper to avoid plagiarism. In fact, documenting your sources of information, allow your leaders to follow your thought process and see how you creatively built upon the thoughts. 9. Formatting.  Depending on the formatting style your professor instructed you to use (APA/MLA/Chicago/Oxford), the title page should be part of the title of the research paper, the instructor’s name, your name, the name of the course and the date the paper is due. 10. Proofread and submit.  A professional proofreading is the last step that enables you to submit your paper in the best light possible. Don’t skip this step! Correct the grammar, spelling and punctuation errors, and mistakes that your system could not catch. Double check the formatting, plus bibliography and citations. If everything is right, submit! How to Start a Research Paper Writing a research paper is a challenge to many college and university students. One of the biggest problems for many students is how to get started. Choosing the topic and doing the research might be half the battle, but starting an introduction always proves to be a daunting task. If done effectively, starting a research paper would be simple and can help you write the whole paper quickly. Here is how to start a research paper: Choose a topic and research it thoroughly.  One problem most students run into when starting a research paper is failing to do proper research on the chosen topic. Research is not all about gathering resources; it involves reading and digesting the source material. Make sure you understand the topic. Create an outline of your research paper.  You must understand the direction of your research paper before you write an effective introduction. Your main aim should be to summarize the research in one or more paragraphs, without giving away the conclusion. Draft the opening paragraph.  Write several opening paragraphs, completing each independently. Write the introduction without directly relying on the structure, but it doesn’t mean you ignore your paper outline. You must look at the resource material when writing the introduction. Choose the best draft of your introduction.  Choose one of the best versions of your draft and revise it. Make sure you have the introduction ready before moving to the body of your research. The introduction should indicate its importance of the future research of your paper, summarize and describe the extent of your research. Critique the introduction.  Ask your friends, teacher or professor read the introduction: it must conform to the requirements of the assignment. Remember, a well-written introduction will automatically flow. How to Write a Conclusion for a Research Paper When you reach the conclusion of your research paper, you probably think there is hardly anything left to include, right! However, writing a conclusion for a research paper is crucial for anyone doing research papers. Here is how to write a research paper conclusion: Research Paper Topics Finding a research paper topic is one of the most challenging steps in writing a research paper. Focus on a broad topic, find topic ideas and be creative in the process. Here is a list of research topics you can use: business crime and law, drugs and drug abuse education environment family issues media and communication health, psychology political issues social issues, religion women and gender terrorism Weve got a great list of research paper topics for you: 60 Best  Research Paper Topics Generally, students have higher expectations of themselves when writing a research paper because they believe the paper has to be perfect. The paper should be clear and thoughtful, written to the point and say things that make sense. Research about what other scholars have written about the topic and the formulating your own theories and ideas based on the existing knowledge and data. At , we understand the importance of adhering to your deadline. Obviously, the sooner you let us know about your term paper the better. However, we have also successfully completed assignments with seemingly impossible due dates on time, rendering our services with the same high quality of writing. Therefore, if you can see how busy the road ahead of you will be or if youre down to the wire, contact us. We will be glad to help. General pricing plan for the Research Paper writing is as follows (prices are in US dollars, cost per page) #get_view(blocks/prices2.php)

EBP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

EBP - Essay Example However, it still remains the most regular method due to its supposedly low cost. Meter dose inhaler is more efficient but is not widely used because it is believed to be more expensive than nebulizer. The examination involved asthmatic children who were presented to the emergency department for medication. The age under consideration was between two to eighteen years of age. Those included were the ones who had gentle or temperate illness. The participants were taken from â€Å"British Colombia Children’s Hospital and Alberta Children’s Hospital† emergency departments. Research has established that the use of metered-dose inhaler is more advanced and less costly compared to wet nebulizer. The application of this method also reduces the possibility of one patient transmitting the disease to others. This is because each patient can make utilize his or her own apparatus. The evidence has shown that in Canada, only twenty percent of the children in the emergency department applied this method. The limiting factor the use of this method is its associated high expenditure. When the expenditure and the benefit accruing from both methods were evaluated, the result showed that using meter dose inhaler and spacer is more efficient and cost saving compared to wet nebulizer. This study did not take into consideration the long-term effect of either of the two methods. The use of Meter dose inhaler and spacer improves the quality of drugs administration to the patents because only one patient is served with each gadget. Also, this method reduces the overall cost of curing asthmatic patients because it shortens the period of admission in hospital. Patients get well faster than expected and consequently the expenditure goes down. This saves the family members of the patient stress of going to visit him or her at the hospital. The healthcare providers should make use of meter dose inhaler and spacer to administer drugs to asthmatic patients. This method will

Strategic Management Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategic Management Paper - Assignment Example The value discipline approach was created by Michael Tracy and Fred Wiersema. The three value disciplines are operational excellence, product leadership, and customer intimacy. Operational excellence deals with having superb operations and executions and execution quality at a reasonable price (Valuebasedmanagement, 2011). This strategy is not aligned with the objectives of Auxilium Pharmaceutical. The company has two patented product one of them, Xiaflex, was introduced in 2011. The company must implement a retail price strategy for its drugs, thus selling cheap or at discounted price is not a possibility. Product leadership is associated with innovation and brand marketing in dynamic marketplaces. This approach would be very suitable for Auxilium Pharmaceutical. The company already has build up some brand value due to its 13 years of existence in the marketplace. The third value discipline is customer intimacy. This approach is achieved by providing superb customer service and cust omer attention. The use of this value discipline can help the company achieve long term growth. The second strategy that the company can consider to achieve growth is the use of a generic strategy. The generic growth strategy approach was developed by Michael Porter. The three generic strategies are cost leadership, differentiation, and focus strategy. Cost leadership implies attempting to become the market leader in terms of prices in your industry. A cost leadership strategy is not well suited for a pharmaceutical company that sells patented drugs. Drug companies have to invest at least $1.2 billion to develop a new drug. Pharmaceutical companies such as Auxilium Pharmaceutical are given 20 years of patent protection to be able to recover their investment and to obtain a reasonable profit. Auxilium Pharmaceutical should not pursue a cost leadership strategy. The second generic strategy is called differentiation. â€Å"A differentiation strategy calls for the development of a prod uct or service that offers unique attributes that are valued by customers and that customers perceive to be better than or different from the products of the competition† ( Mcraigh, 2011). This growth strategy is aligned with the mission, vision, and objectives of Auxilium Pharmaceutical. The third generic strategy is focus. Focus is a hybrid strategy that attempts to achieve both cost and differentiation. Such a strategy is suitable for large companies with multiple products. Auxilium Pharmaceutical only has two products the company is aggressively marketing. The third strategy that Auxilium Pharmaceutical may pursue is a grand strategy. A grand strategy can be defined as a comprehensive long term plan of actions by which a firm plans to change its long term objectives (Businessdictionary, 2011). Some of the ways a company can implement a grand strategy to achieve business growth are joint ventures, acquisition, strategic alliances, divesture and diversification. A joint vent ure occurs when went two or more companies unite forces to form a new single entity. Prior to China’s acceptance into the WTO in 2001 the only way for foreign companies to penetrate the Chinese market was to form joint ventures with Chinese state owned companies. Strategic alliances occur when two or more companies participate together in a project or business function. For instance in the airline industry it is common for companies to form strategic alliance

Trace the evolution of the response of the United Sates to the Essay

Trace the evolution of the response of the United Sates to the Holocaust starting with the Evian Conference of 1938 through the end of 1945 - Essay Example Consequently, this war created a refugee problem in the west and raised a lot of concerns in the world. There was need to solve this problem and relocate the displaced Jews who were termed as refugees (Rossel, p13). The first response by the United States of America to solve this crisis was made by President Franklin D. Roosevelt who was the then US president. He acknowledged that the Jews problem was becoming an international crisis and convened the Evian Conference on 6th July, 1938. The conference was attended by 33 countries including Britain and her colonies, and other European and Latin American countries. The purpose of the conference was to come up with solutions to the problems that the Jews were facing as a result of the rise and expansion of the Nazi Germany (Grobman, p124). However, the conference failed to produce any constructive results. Most of the western countries including the US were very reluctant in opening their borders to the Jews who were being persecuted in Germany. They argued that the great depression had greatly affected their economies and increased the rate of unemployment in their countries thus accepting the Jews would increase competition for the jobs and cause further problems. The only country that agreed to open its borders to the Jewish immigrants was the Dominican Republic; it agreed to take in about 100, 000 refugees. The only achievements of the conference were the documentation of series of superficial and oral statements which implied that there was a refugee problem that required a solution and the creation of the intergovernmental committee on refugees (ICR) which was to continue working on the refugee crisis(Grobman, p299). In 1939, some Americans became concerned with the problems of the Jews in Germany and tried to rescue them but failed. For example, in response to the plight of the Jews, Senator Robert F. Wagner introduced a refugee aid bill in the United States senate on February 9, 1939 to help the

Intelligent Buildings Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Intelligent Buildings - Assignment Example There is another aspect, however, to the design of the modern structure which today is discussed in terms of its use and how well humans who occupy it feel about it from a sensory perspective. From much of what has been written, the modern view of design must adhere as much to its function and it does its aesthetic appearance and usefulness in offering itself as a pleasing place to be. The intelligent building then must be a ‘multi-sensory experience’ (Clements-Croome, 2004, p. 58). We do not 'see' or perceive our environment only with the eyes, but with all senses. It is the job of the architect to acquiesce to those senses and create building designs that are more than warehouses—buildings that encourage from its occupants an emotional and natural interpretation of their environment through the interactive workings of the senses. The Multi-Sensory Perspective While speaking of aesthetics in architecture it is interesting to note that while the term technically a pplies to visual pleasure, in our field we are also speaking about the senses-- auditory, tactile, olfactory, thermal, and even kinesthetic. And while current thinking today favours a holistic or multi-disciplinary approach to building design, the same applies to the multi-sensory approach to design that in the end most affects the building’s occupants or users as well as those who view it. There are examples of this in many older buildings. ‘The delicate composition of the architectural elements in the Residence of the Middelheimpark, in Antwerp...creates an intensely poetical effect: a single tone, white, brings about a wide range of greys and creates optically intriguing effects’ (Farmer & Louw 1993, p. 320). So when the term aesthetics is used it is predominantly referring to the goal of an all-around positive aesthetic experience through all of the senses, often occurring in esoteric ways that must be carefully considered in the design process. Hands and ski n feel texture as pleasing or not; visionary sense elicits other sensory reactions; odours, as we have all experienced, may illicit memories of events and times, such as cooking smells make us think of our mothers’ kitchens. As Clements-Croons (2004: 63) found, ‘The human senses are extraordinarily sensitive, and it is through them that we experience life wherever we are’. From a psychological and spiritual perspective, it can not be emphasized too strongly that people, through their senses. need the stimulation of a pleasing well-considered environment. Buildings, viewed in a philosophical context then provide a high level of stimulation—stimulation that not only presents a pleasing result but a spiritually uplifting one metaphorically similar to those experienced in nature. This animation of the architectural experience is not unlike the lift of spirit one experiences through the senses when viewing a good piece of art. As a necessary life element, such experiences are crucial and as such sensory architectural details ‘should always be given high priority’ (Clements-Croons 2004, p. 58). Space, Sensory Perception and the Human Psyche In the words of filmmaker Murray Grigor, ‘To comprehend architecture, one needs to move through its spaces. After all, that’s how we all experience buildings, inside and outside: we walk,

Morrison Supermarket LTD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Morrison Supermarket LTD - Essay Example All these and many other distinguishing features have helped the Morrisons to grow over the years (Morrisons, 2010). As the scale of operations continue to grow bigger for the Morrisons, the stakes tend to get higher; with such an expanded business setup, the decision makers at the company believe that they are exposed to certain degree of risks as well. According to them, if there is some incident that interrupts their manufacturing or distribution units, it might overall affect the flow of business (Morrisons, 2010). Further, the operating systems used by most of the company members are at the verge of completing their age, in this way the company will have to devise a new IT policy along with replacement of old systems, with the new ones (Morrisons, 2010). With respect to the exceptional growth attained by the Morrisons in the last five years, the company has decided to expand its business. Some of the future goals that the company has set for itself include establishing of a nation-wide distribution chain all over UK; an increase of 1.5 million square foot of selling space; improved access for the customers (Morrisons, 2010). Keeping these growth objectives intact, the company wants to maintain a highly skilled operating team that could ensure corporate social framework. The company wants to maximize its profits by establishing cost effective production units, and gaining direct access to agricultural produce. Moreover, the use of environmental friendly operations is among the key objectives for the success of the company in future. Expansion of the business by devising sound IT policy has become inevitable, so the company considers E-marketing as opportunity for enhancement of services (Morrisons, 2010). The perception of customers about a particular brand evolves with the experience they gain after using or consuming products/services offered by a

Intelligent Buildings Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Intelligent Buildings - Assignment Example There is another aspect, however, to the design of the modern structure which today is discussed in terms of its use and how well humans who occupy it feel about it from a sensory perspective. From much of what has been written, the modern view of design must adhere as much to its function and it does its aesthetic appearance and usefulness in offering itself as a pleasing place to be. The intelligent building then must be a ‘multi-sensory experience’ (Clements-Croome, 2004, p. 58). We do not 'see' or perceive our environment only with the eyes, but with all senses. It is the job of the architect to acquiesce to those senses and create building designs that are more than warehouses—buildings that encourage from its occupants an emotional and natural interpretation of their environment through the interactive workings of the senses. The Multi-Sensory Perspective While speaking of aesthetics in architecture it is interesting to note that while the term technically a pplies to visual pleasure, in our field we are also speaking about the senses-- auditory, tactile, olfactory, thermal, and even kinesthetic. And while current thinking today favours a holistic or multi-disciplinary approach to building design, the same applies to the multi-sensory approach to design that in the end most affects the building’s occupants or users as well as those who view it. There are examples of this in many older buildings. ‘The delicate composition of the architectural elements in the Residence of the Middelheimpark, in Antwerp...creates an intensely poetical effect: a single tone, white, brings about a wide range of greys and creates optically intriguing effects’ (Farmer & Louw 1993, p. 320). So when the term aesthetics is used it is predominantly referring to the goal of an all-around positive aesthetic experience through all of the senses, often occurring in esoteric ways that must be carefully considered in the design process. Hands and ski n feel texture as pleasing or not; visionary sense elicits other sensory reactions; odours, as we have all experienced, may illicit memories of events and times, such as cooking smells make us think of our mothers’ kitchens. As Clements-Croons (2004: 63) found, ‘The human senses are extraordinarily sensitive, and it is through them that we experience life wherever we are’. From a psychological and spiritual perspective, it can not be emphasized too strongly that people, through their senses. need the stimulation of a pleasing well-considered environment. Buildings, viewed in a philosophical context then provide a high level of stimulation—stimulation that not only presents a pleasing result but a spiritually uplifting one metaphorically similar to those experienced in nature. This animation of the architectural experience is not unlike the lift of spirit one experiences through the senses when viewing a good piece of art. As a necessary life element, such experiences are crucial and as such sensory architectural details ‘should always be given high priority’ (Clements-Croons 2004, p. 58). Space, Sensory Perception and the Human Psyche In the words of filmmaker Murray Grigor, ‘To comprehend architecture, one needs to move through its spaces. After all, that’s how we all experience buildings, inside and outside: we walk,

Fixed Tangible Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fixed Tangible - Dissertation Example nce sheet of the company. The cost include cost incurred at the time of purchase of asset such as cash payment for the acquisition of assets, duty paid on the import of assets at the time of import, transportation cost incurred for bringing the asset to the desired location and place. Although, there might be cost incurred related to the acquisition of the assets but it might not be relevant and thus not capitalized. Examples of such cost are cost of opening a new production facility, cost of advertising and promotional activities and other indirect and administrative costs. The capitalization of the cost is stopped when the asset is the location or place for the intended use. Cost such as initial operating losses, initial cost incurred by the company when it is operating below the capacity and cost or relocation or reorganization of some or all of the holdings of the company, is also not capitalized. The expenditure incurred can also be capitalized in the cost of the asset subsequen t to the acquisition of the assets. These costs primarily include significant maintenance or overhauling expenditure. These costs are only recognized in those circumstances when the future economic benefits associated with that expenditure lasts for more than one year. Other than general maintenance expenditure, there are other costs which can also be capitalized in the cost of the asset. For example borrowing cost, incurred on acquiring to the acquisition of qualifying assets is also recognized in the cost of the assets acquired. This capitalization is accounted for in accordance with the IAS 23 ‘Borrowing Cost’. [2] At the initial recognition of any item of property, plant and equipment, if the payment for an item of property, plant and equipment is deferred, interest at market rate must also be recognized. In certain circumstances, the asset might be acquired in an exchange for another asset, which could be similar or dissimilar to the asset being disposed off. In th ese cases, the cost is measured at the fair value of the asset being acquired. But this measurement technique would not be applicable if the asset exchange transaction lacks commercial substance or the fair value of the assets involved in the transaction cannot be determined reliably. In case where the fair value of the asset acquired is not reliably measured, the cost of the asset, at which it is recognized in the balance sheet of the company, is the fair value of the assets given up. Subsequent to the initial measurement, the IAS 16 has allowed to record the asset at accounting models which are Cost Model Revaluation Model [1] In the cost model, the asset is carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, if any. Whereas, according to the revaluation model, the items are carried at revalued amount. The revalued amount of an item of property, plant and equipment is its fair value at its revaluation date. According to IAS 16, when an item of property, plant and equipment is revalued, the entire class of assets to which that item belongs, is also revalued. In case where a company conducts the revaluation of an item of property plant and equipment, and it results in an increase in the amount at which it was previously recorded in the balance sheet, the increase is credited to equity and is represented as ‘

Manage Programs That Promote Personal Effectiveness Essay Example for Free

Manage Programs That Promote Personal Effectiveness Essay 1. Three common Health Issues that Can Affect Productivity In The Work Place Are: Mental Health Issues for example: Depression, Anxiety, stress Behavioral Conditions. Chronic Illnesses for example: Diabetes, asthma, Cancer, coronary heart disease and stroke. Lifestyle risk Factors such as drug and alcohol abuse, gambling, Obesity and smoking this includes second hand smoke. 2. Use the internet to research each Identified issue for the following: Prevalence of the issue and any forecasts. Mental Health is on the rise in and out of the work place, And unlike many physical illness it impacts on people during their prime working years untreated mental health issues are costing Australian organizations $642,000 per 1000 employees. Chronic Illness is increasing in a global prevalence and in 23 high burden developed countries the cost associated with this global prevalence will cost the economy 84 billion dollars by 2015 if nothing is done to slow this up ward trend. Lifestyle Risk Factors have increased dramatically not only has Obesity increased Across all age groups the working age groups has a steady upward growth. Between 1995 and 2012 the average BMI for men and women over 18 have increased by 9.6% And only only 5.5% of Australian adults had an adequate usual daily intake of fruit and Vegetables there has been a decrease in smoking according to the national health Survey â€Å"In 2011 12, men were more likely to smoke daily than women (18.3% Compared with 14.1%). These rates have decreased since 2001, when 25.4% of men And 19.5% of women smoked daily†. Standard approaches to address the Issue in the work place. Being proactive in effectively raising awareness and addressing Mental Heath in the work place so early intervention can take place is important for staff moral and confidence. Some standard approaches for addressing and dealing with mental health would be: Educating and giving managers and employee’s the tools and skills needed to jointly identify triggers and solutions. On a larger scale and depending on the overall health and personnel needs of the employees and funding from the organization or government an EAP could be strategized and planned. Standard approaches to addressing chronic illness in the work place are: Initiating an in employee assistance program to provide the employees with the education and support they need this could be anything from a basic to a comprehensive program depending on all the variable factors to take in to account. Standard Approaches to Lifestyle risk factors include policy changes such as smoke Free environments to further decrease the smoking rate or even promoting quit line Services for smoking related issues. Provide health options and Incentives for using And maintaining healthier choices within the workplace to deal with diet related Lifestyle risks. Two of the Identified approaches briefly detailed on how the approach is managed in The work place and which approach I prefer. Mental Health Implementing compressive strategy or national workplace program (Employee assistance program) along with strategizing a well being policy and prevention policy will increase knowledge and understanding on how to deal and prevent mental health in the work place and address work related risk. Therefore increasing awareness, decreasing stigma and improving attitudes therefore giving staff \ employees the tools to create a healthy work  environment where no one has fears of speaking out about having a mental health issue this can provide job securities and reassurances they have the support of the organization. Full commitment from all stakeholders including all management mental heath experts and the chosen employee representative is essential to the success and outcome of program. Lifestyles Risks Factors Introducing an advanced or comprehensive program to educate and give staff / Employee’s opportunities to be educated on Nutrition, Physical activity, Smoking and stress management and experience to practice the skills needed to deal With and prevent Lifestyle Risk related issues. Provide health options and Incentives For using and maintaining healthier choices within the workplace to deal with diet Related Lifestyle risks. Also promoting services related to lifestyle risk factors such as Quit line, Heart Foundation, Cancer Council, Substance abuse consolers and GP’s for General check ups. Approach I Prefer The benefits for addressing lifestyle risks far out way the cost and time as Implementing this as a preventative measure would boost understanding, morale and Trust within the organization therefore boosting Productivity the organization would Save Money on a long Term basis due to the fact That many chronic illness and some mental Health issues Stem from associated Lifestyle Risk factors. So I believe addressing lifestyle risk Factors you are therefore Addressing an overall broad majority of issues. Tackling life style risk factors before They become Chronic illness is imperative and should be made a priority as Prevention Is better than Cure. So I would introduce an advanced or comprehensive program to Change the behavior. 3.  Summary Report Mental Health Issues for example: Depression, Anxiety, stress Behavioral Conditions. Chronic Illnesses for example: Diabetes, asthma, Cancer, coronary heart disease and stroke. Lifestyle risk Factors such as drug and alcohol abuse, gambling, Obesity and smoking this includes second hand smoke. â€Å"Healthy Employees Make A Healthy Business† Mental health Issues, chronic illnesses and lifestyle risk factors are all on the rise it is so crucial that they be addressed because the long term affect of unaddressed issues within any organization can be devastating for both employer and employees. Not only did a 2007 study run by Medibank Private put the annual cost of absenteeism and presenteeism to Australia at $25.7 billion. Health and wellbeing are by far the overriding factors. By improving health standards in the work place you will find healthier employees are 3 times more productive. All the above health issues have a profound impact on Daily productivity absenteeism and presenteeism addressing these issues effectively will not only benefit this organization and employee’s but improve overall mental and physical wellbeing improving productivity, employee relationships, reduced absenteeism and sick leave and increased health awareness and knowledge. â€Å"Global research has found that when employee health and wellness is managed well the percentage of engaged employees increases from 7% to 55%. This research also found self-reported creativity and innovation increases from 20% to 72%.† Providing the necessary tools and skills for staff and employee’s to preform at there best I would suggest adopting a EAP to approach lifestyle risk issues, some of the methods maybe government assisted workshops. so with the approval of senior management I would love feedback approval to write a advanced or comprehensive EAP for Lifestyle Risk Factors because I believe that in addressing lifestyle risks far out way the cost, time and resources and With cost in relation to losses from absenteeism and presenteeism an  investment on a larger scale like a advanced or comprehensive EPA would be more beneficial in this situation. Implementing this as a preventative measure would boost understanding, morale and Trust within the organization therefore boosting Productivity. The organization would Save Money on a long Term basis due to the fact the work place will be a healthy safer place with reduced absenteeism and presenteeism and increased productivity. â€Å"a ship cannot be sailed without a crew† so keeping your staff / employee’s happy and healthy will have a positive affect on all involved and improve the organizations corporate image. With cost in relation to losses from absenteeism and presenteeism an investment on a larger scale like a advanced or comprehensive EPA would be more beneficial in this situation. Also in addressing lifestyle risk you are in turn addressing many chronic illnesses and Some mental Health issues as most Stem from associated Lifestyle Risk factors. So I Believe addressing lifestyle risk Factors you are therefore addressing an overall broad Majority of issues. Tackling life style risk factors before They become Chronic illness it Is imperative and should be made a priority as Prevention Is better than Cure. References http://www.cgdev.org/doc/expert%20pages/nugent/Nugent_Annals_article.pdf https://www.bspg.com.au/dam/bsg/product?client=BEYONDBLUEprodid=BL/0538type=file http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/D3310114.nsf/home/home?opendocument http://www.heartfoundation.org.au/active-living/Documents/Healthy-workplace-guide.pdf

Match Point

Match Point Match Point A tragedy, primarily a dramatic component that tends to occur in many plays and movies, can be defined as serious or solemn theme that typically deals with a great person destined through a flaw of character or conflict with some overpowering force to downfall or destruction. Match Point, directed by Woody Allen, is a movie that deals with conflict within characters that can be reflected upon ending in a tragedy. The captivating events which occur in this movie lead Match Point to be considered as a tragedy due to the fact that this movie falls under three of the nine main points of a tragedy. Furthermore, Match Point deals with the movie consisting of exceptional suffering, a tragic flaw in a person brought by tragic fate, and the reversal of a position of a being which in return proves that this movie is in reality a true tragedy. In Match Point, the movie consists of the exceptional suffering of Chris Wilton as he unfolds his created abnormal conditions of his mind. After blowing her audition, Nola Rice, being Toms fiancà © at the time, and Chris Wilton drink at a bar when the go into a somewhat sexual conversation as Nola says â€Å"Men always seem to wonder. They think Id be something very special† and Chris asks, â€Å"And are you?† and Nola replies with an unusual answer, â€Å"Well, no ones ever asked for their money back† (Allen). This quote was significant since Nola was slightly hit from drinking a bit too much and reveals that she slept with other men before which indicated to Chris that she enjoys the pleasure of sex. Evidently, this foreshadows the affair between Chris and Nola in the future. Seeing that this foreshadows the affair between both Chris and Nola, it can be related to proving that Match Point is a true tragedy as this affair is one of the major causes to Chriss ex ceptional suffering. Due to this situation, Chris eventually starts seeing Nola secretly under Chloes nose and they begin to have a steamy affair, and in time Nola becomes pregnant. Chris keeps promising Nola that he is going to tell Chloe about the pregnancy and that he would leave her to be with Nola. This creates the frustration within his mind where he is faced with leaving wealth and prosperity for a life with nothing besides a woman and her child. Consequently, he starts to suffer exceptionally both mentally, by the severe pain in his head, and emotionally, by crying out his misery. Nola, being interested in having a child, keenly insists that both Chris and she have the child, which as a result only creates more tension within Chris. Chris is at a point where his suffering is so incomparable that he comes to a conclusion to get rid of Lola and the child by killing her. Not only does Chris kill Nola, he also kills an innocent old lady. Subsequently, this slowly develops an abn ormal condition of his mind as he starts to hallucinate by seeing the ghosts of both Lola and the old lady. At this point in the movie, the viewer knows that the hallucinations are caused by his exceptional suffering which led him to make those dreadful decisions which in return proves the point that Match Point is in reality a true tragedy. A point to consider when dealing with tragedies is the fact a tragic fate is brought on a person by his/her tragic flaw. This movie can be compared with assessment as Chris did have a tragic flaw which led him to the downfall of his own mind. Chriss flaw of hamartia led him to want a woman who he enjoys having sex with but also his wife whom he loved with the amount of money that her parents possessed. â€Å"Hamartia is the Greek word for error or failure, used by Aristotle in his Poetics, to designate the false step that leads the protagonist in a tragedy to his or her downfall† (answers.com). This flaw was the very reason that he faced a vast amount of problems and suffered as a result of that. As Chris sees Nola in Chloes estate, he is immediately attracted to her and says, â€Å"So tell me, whats a beautiful young American ping-pong player doing here mingling among the British upper class?† (Allen). This quote is significant as it shows his interest in another woman knowing that he is dating Chloe, and the fact that both Chris and Chloe share an interest in getting married. This quote is also significant as it foreshadows the affair between Chris and Lola as they exchange looks and body languages. If not for his flaw, he would not have been attracted to Nola in the beginning, which would not have led to the events that both Chris and Nola shared together. For this reason, this quote proves that Match Point is a true tragedy as it consists of Chriss tragic flaw, one of the major components in a true tragedy. Comparatively, it was also the tragic flaw that Chris possessed that consequently led him to kill Nola which he thought would get rid of the problems that he faced. After he kills Nola and starts to suffer because of it he says, â€Å"To never have been born may be the greatest born of all(Allen). This quote is significant as it shows character development when Chris quotes Sophocles, a Greek playwright, expressing his feelings towards the off-putting events that have been occurring caused by his tragic flaw which has been a major cause of his suffering. Thus, this quote shows that it was his tragic flaw that led him to his tragic fate which in return proves that Match Point is a true tragedy. It is clear to conclude that his tragic flaw was a clear reason to his â€Å"downfall†. In other words, this provides evidence that Match Point is a true tragedy. Another point in a true tragedy is when the hero undergoes a reversal of fortune. Generally speaking, when someone experiences the reversal of fortune they can either lose everything or gain everything. In the movie Match Point, the main character, Chris Wilton, moves to London and teaches tennis at a country club to make a living where he starts off at the bottom with nothing to his name. Due to his luck, he meets Tom Hewett and they become instant friends. Tom introduces Chris to his shy sister Chloe and in return, Chris and Chloe start dating. Her extremely wealthy parents take an immediate liking to him and Chris respectively admires the wealth of Chloes parents. Since Chloe was the daughter of an extremely wealthy man who owned a very large company, Chloe insisted her father to give Chris an executive job. This job not only helped Chris make more money, it changed the status of his fortune where he moves higher from where he originally was, the bottom. As time goes on, Chris and Chloe eventually get married which changed his status to the highest position that he could be where he had money, wealth, power, and everything he desired. After the marriage, Chris starts to secretly see Nola and begins to have an affair with her by telling his wife that he has â€Å"business related work†. From having an affair with Nola, Chris has moved down from his highest position to a lower place since he has started to see another woman while being married. He continues to undergo the reversal of his fortune. At this point in the movie, Chris discovers that Nola is pregnant and was torn between being with a woman he is lustfully attracted to or to remain with his sweet wife and her successful family who have many connections to the upper class society of London. When Chris and Nola argue whether or not they should have the baby, Chris shouts saying, â€Å"Nola! Calm down! Calm the fuck down!†(Allen). This quote shows the frustration that Chris goes through wh en faced with having a child that he does not want. In addition, this quote shows how Chris is slowly undergoing the reversal of fortune which is proving the fact that Match Point is in reality a true tragedy. Finally, this quote is significant as it foreshadows the event where Chris kills Nola. Accordingly, Chris kills Nola which causes him to create an abnormal condition of his mind which as a whole brings him all the way back down to where he started off, the bottom. As a result, Chris endured the reversal of fortune where he has gone through the full cycle returning to where he originally started. So, with the points mentioned above, it is proven that Match Point is in reality a true tragedy as the hero undergoes the reversal of fortune. Therefore, Match Point is proven to be a true tragedy according to the points stated above. Match Point can be compared to being a true tragedy as the movie consists of the exceptional suffering of a person. Chris Wilton goes through this suffering both mentally and emotionally and as a result he starts to hallucinate and sees the ghosts of both Nola and the old lady, the two victims that he murdered. In addition, this movie is also proven to be a true tragedy due to the fact that tragedies tend to deal with a tragic fate that is brought by a persons tragic flaw. In Match Point, Chriss flaw of hamartia brought him to his downfall where he goes through exceptional suffering and hallucinates in the end. If it was not for this flaw, the ending of the movie would have been the complete opposite. Finally, Match Point is confirmed to be a true tragedy as the hero of the movie, Chris Wilton, undergoes the reversal of fortune. He starts off as a poor Irish man who becomes a very wealthy by m arrying his extremely rich girlfriend, but he blows it all and returns to where he started off after killing Lola, the woman whom he has an affair with, and an innocent old. He does not lose his wealth, but he does lose his mind. Overall, it is evident that Match Point is in reality a true tragedy as it comprises three main points out of the nine of a true tragedy in this movie. Works Cited Match Point. Dir. Woody Allen. Perf. Jonathan Rhys Meyers, Alexander Armstrong, Paul Kaye (IV). Dreamworks Video, 2005. DVD. hamartia: Definition from Answers.com. Answers.com: Wiki QA combined with free online dictionary, thesaurus, and encyclopedias. Answers Corporation, n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2009. .

An Inspector Calls - Priestleys Presentation of the Inspector Essay

An Inspector Calls - How does Priestley's presentation of the Inspector create dramatic tension in the play? 'An Inspector Calls' Question Title: How does Priestley's presentation of the Inspector create dramatic tension in the play? During the play 'An Inspector Calls' the Inspector is used as a dramatic device. He raises and decreases the tension due to his attitude, actions, speeches and his symbolic role to the family, and audience at the time when the play was first performed. Throughout my essay I will be examining how Priestley's presentation of the Inspector generates tension throughout the play. Before the Inspector is introduced into the play, the atmosphere in the Birling's house is quite relaxed. They are celebrating Sheila and Gerald's engagement, so there is a party atmosphere and dull lighting. The stage directions describe the situation as: "At the moment they have all had a good dinner, are celebrating a special occasion, and are pleased with themselves." The Inspector's arrival disrupts the family's celebration; this automatically raises the tension, because the family would be annoyed by the abrupt interruption of their celebration. When the Inspector first rings the doorbell, Birling is just finishing one of his arrogant speeches. He has just said: "a man has to mind his own business and look after himself and his own." This is significant in relationship to the play because Birling's original views are exactly what Priestley, through the Inspector, is trying to teach the audience not to think like. Birling is the kind of person who Priestley is trying to get through to. The atmosphere is also made uneasy because no one knows definitely why the Inspector has called bu... ...r classes and the way that the Inspector brought these ideas crashing down. In the 1954 film version of the play the man who plays the Inspector is a pale faced man with dark dramatic eyes. This makes the Inspector look ghostly enforcing some peoples theories of him being a ghost. Because the Inspector's true identity is not revealed the tension in the play is increased. This is because the audience don't know anything about the Inspector, so do not trust the inspector and there-fore would be put on edge by him. Priestley has presented the Inspector in a very mysterious way, we do not know where he comes from or anything about him, but it is soon made clear why he is in the play; to teach an important lesson. The audience is left thinking about the play and all the issues raised in it. This play definitely left me thinking about my role among society.

Gulliver’s Travels is a series of four books about Lemuel Gulliver, a surgeon who has a group of adventures in four different areas

Gulliver's Travels is a series of four books about Lemuel Gulliver, a surgeon who has a group of adventures in four different areas. These adventures help him form a new outlook on humanity and society. The author of the book, Jonathan Swift, expresses his opinions about his society by satirizing the societies that Gulliver visits to suit his own. The task at hand is to compare and contrast Book one and Book four of Gulliver's Travels. I will compare and contrast this book in terms of setting, character, theme and plot. One more important factor to consider is the satires that were made in each of these books; as well as, Gulliver's mood in each and how his adventures affected him. The first point of comparison and contrast is the plot. In Book One, we see that Gulliver is the surgeon of a ship called the Antelope. The ship that he is in goes into a terrible storm where twelve of the crewmembers die. Gulliver and the remaining crew members board a rowboat to escape the wrecked ship. The rowboat then turns over and Gulliver has t o swim to shore in order to survive. He falls asleep on the shore and when he wakes up from his slumber he finds himself tied down. Gulliver gets introduced to the Lilliputians where he is welcomed by them later on in the book. He is taken to the Emperor and the Emperor was really entertained by Gulliver. After a long time in Lilliput, he is used as a ‘national resource' for Lilliput, used in the wars against Blefuscu. The war that was on between the Lilliputians and the Blesucuns was about the different ways of cracking eggs which is really a useless matter to argue over. Finally, Gulliver is accused for treason because he put out a fire in the queen's apartment with his urine. He would be shot ion the eyes but he convinces the Emperor to allow him to leave and the Emperor agrees. He goes to Belfuscu where he gets on a canoe and goes home. In Book Four, Gulliver is captain of a ship where his crew conspires against him and take him prisoner because they want to be the pirates of the seven seas. They drop Gulliver on a rowboat where he manages to row to an island. He decides to look for inhabitants or humans where instead he finds horses that treat humans like trash and only use them like slaves. He befriends a horse (they call themselves Houyhnhms) where he discusses his society to him and describes a lot of the characteristics of humans or yahoos in their language. The second point that should be mentioned in the comparison between Book One and Book Four is Gulliver's character in each of the books. In the actual books, Gulliver is a surgeon and the purpose of this is that surgeons, in general, are respected and trusted for the decisions that they have to make in the operating rooms; Swift makes Gulliver a surgeon so that he would be an expert in note taking and that he can make us believe and trust Gulliver. In the first book, we see Gulliver as a person who is just criticizing the government of the Lilliputians, and all he is doing is expressing his opinion. In Book Four, we see that Gulliver is an unreliable narrator as his views are extremely tedious and that the arguments that he makes about humanity are unfair and unjust. Heading back to book one, we saw that Gulliver was a peaceful man that made excellent critics of his the government of the Lilliputians. Through the books and leading all the way to Book Four, we realize his violent and aggressive nature, adding to the mistrust that we have for him. In Book One, Gulliver's violent nature was unnoticeable as the book was focused on the government and the living system of the Lilliputians. Gulliver's name suggests the word gullible; he does realize the ways in which he is being used in the books. In Book 1, Book Two, he is being exploited in terms of acts and behaviour. He had to fight a war that was between the Belfuscuns and the Lilliputians. In Book Four, we realize his gullibility by the exploitation of knowledge that does happen. This element of exploitation is obvious in the book as in the first few books it is in terms of material acts and items while in the last book it is the terms of the knowledge gained by the Houyhnhms. The last element in the character of Gulliver is the misanthropy that he develops at the end of the book. The cause of this misanthropy is view at the Yahoos in the island of the Houyhnhms. He couldn't stand Yahoos, even his own family, that he bought himself a horse and talked to him at the very end, â€Å"As soon as I entered the house, my wife took me in her arms, and kissed me, at which, having not been used to the touch of that odious animal. . The term odious that he describes his wife with shows how much he could not stand his own wife which is quite depressing really. He really wanted to stay with the Houyhnhms at the island. This contradicts the part in the first book where he wondered if he would ever see his family again and his children. Gulliver's character was deeply alte red through his travels, but mainly altered in the final book where he developed his misanthropy and the hate of the humans of the world, at the very end, he bought himself a horse that he talked to instead of his family and the friends that he might have had.

Community behavior Essay

African American spirituality has woven collectively the best of African Anglo cultures to creatively shape their own African American identity. While black peoples have not been socially, politically or economically free in the history, the practice of spirituality has facilitated the development of different forms of cultural and spiritual freedom by interpreting, transcending and embracing, the constraints of an oppressive culture. Furthermore, the development of their own beliefs, norms, forms, practices, and structures has given rise to a culture and life that is a distinctive form of human survival, existence, and, freedom most importantly. The black churches as the centers of freedom influenced the praxis of African-American spirituality. They have become safe places where blacks gathered to embrace their combined concerns as a community of faith. They have been the only institutions in the African American experience that has continued relative independence from the domesticating influence of white pressure and overlords. Some black churches consider may be the last place to see integration due to the need to maintain a power base not available to black people elsewhere. After reviewing some aspects of worship as the context for cultural and spiritual freedom, black preaching in and out sides of the black churches are one of the most powerful expressions of freedom for black people in America. The ability to produce a soul language that defines truth into systems of meaning gives power and purpose to black people. Subsequently, Black community successfully adopts and adapts the structures of the much larger culture for their own purpose this practice comes from a double consciousness or translating. African Americans translated the experience of one kind to that of another which leading them to freedom. Therefore, black people spirituality gave freedom to the spirit and mind that the external condition could not take away. The religious approach is due to a deep faith in the sacredness of life that reaffirmed a personal dignity in blacks which resulted in the practice of nonviolence and mercy. Black community determines themselves how they responded to oppression. Various forms expressing improvisation and innovation from black soul forces constituted black culture. These forms under the subtitles black music, literature, humor, folk tales, sports, art and dance; and their worship forms under the headings of prayer, shouting, healing, dancing, singing praising and instrumental music transformation, teaching and preaching. These forms express that what is true and valuable will be determined by black community itself and will subvert and defy attempts of the larger culture to discern. Churches can prove to be of great importance as it helps in providing a psychological and physical assistance to their congregants by providing treatment and prevention oriented programs in the society. A great example from the history is the Black Church that has served through decades as an informal social guider. And its effectiveness posed people to research on the formal means. Substance abuse, support, health screening and education were some of the fields where the Black Church provided its services. Individuals and churches that are associated with it hold significant importance in the history as it created a chain between informal and formal system of care that benefited the society specially those who are marginalized or underserved. These programs were encouraged by many others like lay persons, natural helpers, and religious leaders. As far as these religious leaders are concerned, they made their finding in the treatment of mental illness and they made everyone realize that paraprofessional counselors are in no way less then the professional counselors. They made their achievement in four areas of community medicine: primary care delivery, health promotion and disease prevention, community mental health and health policy. The church had great potentials. It provided and outstanding performance in collaborating with formal care systems to maximize its programs. Eng et al. helped a great deal in promoting the church’s health care programs. Such â€Å"natural helpers† have gone through a training program where they learnt how to interact with the health professionals, resource mobilization, primary self-care skills and prevention, organization of educational and services-oriented activities. Whilst the lay advisors were supposed to foster social support, they were expected to promote a healthy general well-being of people and were asked to keep a close link with the formal care system. As far as the roles of religious leaders are concerned, they are not fully described in the health care literature. In the early 1970’s, a need for psychiatrics developed in rural areas, as these individuals were recognized the more underserved population. These investigations evolved and helped in the contribution of understanding the mental health status between the urban and the rural individuals. Social, economic and geographical factors are the attributes of such rural problems. The main difficulty in the rural life of South was to separate the effects of poverty from the effects of race, color, cast etc. but after some time the solution was discovered. But later it was discovered that only 3% of the licensed psychiatrics were practicing the rural areas and the rest were gone to nowhere. Rural populations were again left to the same position as it was before. â€Å"The Black Church has no challenger as the cultural womb of the black community. Not only did it give birth to new institutions such as schools, banks, insurance companies, and low income housing, it also provided an academy and an arena for political activities, and it nurtured young talent for musical, dramatic, and artistic development† (1990, 8) The factor of race still existed between these populations no-matter if it’s urban or rural; it also greatly affected the mental healths of each individual. Many theorists believe that White American have been always against the black consumers, because they have no understanding of black’s culture, traditions, beliefs etc. But on the other hand blacks are not either interested in consuming goods or services from the Whites. They are less likely to trust White therapists and try not to interact with them in any case. Studies proved that Blacks are interested in consuming goods and seeking services from the blacks due to the understanding of same culture and traditions, it is also based on the preference of similar attitudes and racial compatibility. The research grew further and further. The research helped in understanding the need to change and acceptance of cultural and attitudinal differences and system-levels barriers. Studies proved that racial identity can be a part of success. Here racial identity means that identification of diverse racial backgrounds; it includes the basic knowledge of one’s culture and traditions. Accepting the non normative behavior of minorities can also help in dealing with societies; therapists play a big role in understanding the culture background. Lack of understanding of cultural responsiveness may result in disturbance between racial differences and help seeking environment. As compare to white blacks are more tolerant of psychological distress. They are very quick in diagnoses of schizophrenia and psychosis and control such diseases in their premature stages. Individuals, interpersonal and system-level factors promote understanding of service utilization and psychiatric morbidity. They focus on individuals because individuals predict reasonable outcomes related to services and treatment. Researchers always pick out individuals to get correct outcomes; the individual factors include race, religiosity, beliefs about mental health and copying styles. Social support, stigma and social distance are included in interpersonal level. â€Å"The Black church tradition provided an environment for reapplying already learned processes for interdependence. Embedded within the individual were past experiences, traditions, values, and norms for emotions, cognitions, and behaviors conducive to relatedness and â€Å"interpersonal ness† that reflected a collective sense of belonging with, rather than to, caring, similar others† (2001, 40) Management of mental illness is essential to the social support in rural areas. An alternative to expensive or inaccessible impatient or out patient services are neighbors or extended families. Researchers have also identified the contributions made by natural helpers in promoting positive changes to the environment. Mental illness and health care systems motivated natural helpers to provide social support to the rural black communities. A powerful indicator of poor utilization of care is Stigma that is influenced by individuals and interpersonal levels. It discourages the search for formal services but encourages the social support and informal care systems. The study says that Blacks have higher levels of tolerating psychological distress; the main reason behind this is stigma and fear of hospitalization. This sometimes results in help-seeking from specialty providers but this happens only in extreme cases. This hypothesis shows the higher emergency level among Blacks compared to Whites, Asians and Hispanics. Informal systems are fostered by fear and stigma amongst the rural Blacks. It was noticed that poorer Blacks were more likely to experience distress, physical, mental and interpersonal problems as compared to wealthier Blacks. But as compared to Whites, 15% Blacks are less likely to seek help for emotional problems than their physical or interpersonal problems. Furthermore, Blacks seek help for their financial problems but this is limited to their geographical boundaries and economic barriers. The above study has made it clear that, urban counterparts provide more social and mental services as compared to the rural churches and it also have less links with the formal system and promote the informal systems of care. We also analyzed that White churches have more links with the formal system of care than Black Churches but Black Churches provide more social and mental health service.